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Text
Babies Born with Opioid Addiction in the North Shore of
Staten Island
Gentjana Poga WCSN, Suqi Tang WCSN, Gianna Caterina WCSN
Introduction
Proposed Solution
Problem in the Community
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Community Assessment and Analysis
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
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2017 -
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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2020-nursing-Poga Tang Caterina
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Poga, Gentjana<br />Tang, Suqi<br />Cateriana, Gianna
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5/1/2020
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Babies Born with Opioid Addiction in the North Shore of Staten Island
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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text
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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cca6f42b0788209fa8aefc7445f2a3e3
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Burnout in Oncology Nurses in NYC
Angela Mazurkiewicz, WCSN, Mindy Rodriguez, WCSN, Dana Minors, WCSN
Wagner College Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Introduction & Selection of Community in
Need
• Oncology Nurses, in New York City specifically, face multiple stressors
on a day to day basis related to the growing shortage of nurses and the
complexity of dealing with cancer patients.
• Stressful work experiences can negatively affect the nurse’s well-being
and can also have harmful effects on the patients. The amount of time a
nurse spends with a patient, the more feelings are invested.
• The chances of burnout are increased due to a feeling of lack of
accomplishment because most cancers are unchanging and terminal.
• It is common for oncology nurses to experience burnout because their
work entails numerous stressors that involve caring for patients with life
threatening illnesses. Oncology nurses care for patients with complex
medical issues that require nurses to spend more time working beyond
their shifts, causing an increase in fatigue and irritability.
• An oncology nurse in New York City may be assigned more patients
than average because of a staff shortage, which gives the nurses
heavier workloads and leads to more callouts and possible medication
errors.
Problem in the Community
• Those who work in inpatient oncology are at an increased risk for
psychological distress because they often develop close
relationships with patients whose treatments fail and who
eventually die under their care (2).
• Of the 163 nurses interviewed from the Oncology Nursing Society
of New York City, there was a mean distress level of 8.06. A range
of four or more indicates moderate to severe distress, so this data
suggests that oncology nurses deal with high levels of distress.
Proposed Solution
• A new solution that will cease existing issues related to nursing
burnout and enhance interventions of self-improvement would
be through a nursing lounge available in hospitals.
• The lounge will have a monthly empathy class and a weekly
activity calendar
• Massage and Meditation Monday will focus on mindfulness,
decreasing work related anxiety and stress.
• Therapeutic Pet Tuesday will involve having dogs available for
the staff to pet and cuddle with.
• Writing Wednesday will have expressive writing activities, such
as poetry, and storytelling followed by group therapy sessions.
• Tasty Thursday will include culinary activities for the staff.
• Faith Friday provides religious downtime and access to spiritual
advisors.
• Sing a Song Saturday involves karaoke and dance.
• Sport Night Sunday includes recreational sporting events for the
staff.
Workout the Burnout
Community Assessment & Analysis
• Why do oncology nurses in NYC experience burnout? The American
Nurses Association found 17 percent of hospital nurses are depressed,
nearly double that of the general population.
• The New York State Community Health Indicator reports that the most
current statistics for all cancer incidence rate per 100,000 average
number of denominators is 8,265,444. This large number of cancer
patients in NYC corresponds to the stressors that oncology nurses in the
city must deal with.
• The WHO noted that millions of patients suffer injury or death annually
due to unsafe care; most of the problems WHO identified as leading to
poor outcomes were preventable.
• In 2015 NYC’s blueprint launched with the intent to provide a chance to
have healthier lives, Take Care New York 2020 “Its goal is twofold — to
improve every community’s health and to make greater strides in groups
with the worst health outcomes, so that the city becomes a more
equitable place for everyone (1). As a result, the overall health of New
York City residents is expected to improve and hopefully this will lower
the stress load on oncology nurses.
• In a two-year study of 261 nurses that worked at Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center in New York, the degree of burnout and distress
was evaluated. “Burnout was assessed by the three subscale
scores for emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and sense
of accomplishment. The mean for the total sample on emotional
exhaustion was 29.22. This score falls in the high range (>17)
and is higher than the norm of 22.19 (3).
• More than 40% of hospital staff nurses score in the high range
for job related burnout, and more than one in five hospital staff
nurses say they intend to leave their hospital jobs within one
year (4).
References
Mettey A, Garcia A, Isaac L, Linos N, Barbot O, Bassett MT.
Take Care New York 2020: Every Neighborhood, Every New
Yorker, Everyone’s Health Counts. The New York City
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. October 2015. (II)
Wahlberg, L., Nirenberg, A., & Capezuti, E. (2016). Distress
and Coping Self-Efficacy in Inpatient Oncology Nurses.
Oncology Nursing Forum, 43(6), 738–746. (IV)
Kash, K., Holland , J., Breitbart, W., Berenson, S., Dougherty ,
J.,Ouellette, S., & Lesko, L. (2000). Stress and Burnout in
Oncology, 1–9. Retrieved from https:/
pdfs.semanticscholar.org/354c/0b02f2aec127728be6a4eb2eb
62250cbfd49.pdf (IV)
Doris C. Vahey, Linda H. Aiken, Douglas M. Sloane, Sean P.
Clarke, & Delfino Vargas. (2004). Nurse Burnout and Patient
Satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(2), II57. Retrieved
fromhttp://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e
dsjsr&AN=edsjsr.4640725&site=eds-live (III)
�
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The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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Date Digital
2020
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2020-nursing-Mazurkiewicz Rodriguez Minors
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Mazurkiewicz, Angela<br />Rodriguez, Mindy<br />Minors, Dana
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
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Burnout in Oncology Nurses in NYC
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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text
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application/pdf
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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b555c262a875f099186920ee9d8a5f06
PDF Text
Text
“Kids Against Asthma” To Prevent Pediatric Asthma in San
Joaquin Valley
Introduction
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects individuals all over the nation.
Triggers include inhaled allergens or irritants that cause inflammation and
narrowing of the airways (1). The nation’s highest asthma rates can be seen
in the agricultural community of San Joaquin Valley, California (2).
Children of Mexican farmworkers are the vulnerable population in this
community. Due to the harmful pollutants that these children have been
exposed to, they have become more susceptible to developing asthma and
overall health problems. In order to decrease these rates, we propose to
provide a mobile asthma education program and community center to aid
in providing education to farmworkers, parents, and school personnel.
Community Analysis
The San Joaquin Valley has a current population of 745,424 residents. Of
that population, 41.6% is Hispanic/Latino (3).
In 2001, 15.8% of children and adolescents were diagnosed with pediatric
asthma in San Joaquin Valley and 13.6% were diagnosed in California as a
whole (4). Today (2016), the rate has more than doubled to 34.3% in San
Joaquin and has only slightly increased to 14.5% in the rest of California
(3).
Over the past 30 years, San Joaquin has used a specific pesticide that has
caused detrimental effects on pediatric health. Chlorpyrifos is a pesticide
that has been widely used by farmers in the San Joaquin and all over the
United States. It has many toxic effects and can cause bronchial
hypersensitivity that can trigger asthma attacks and increase the risk of
developing asthma (5).
The San Joaquin Valley has come up with various resources to help
eliminate the current health problem. These resources include the Fresno
County Asthma Coalition and the Asthma Impact Model.
● The Asthma Impact Model is a program created in 2013 to avoid ED
visits by helping low income families manage their children's asthma.
● The Fresno County Asthma Coalition has been active for over 15 years
with the support of community members, including nurses and
respiratory therapists. Members strategize approaches to provide
opportunities for asthma education at all levels (6).
Problem
-Pediatric asthma among Mexican children has become a major health problem in the San Joaquin Valley.
-California’s San Joaquin Valley is one of the most prosperous agricultural regions in the world, containing
seven of the top 10 agricultural counties in the United States (5). The pesticide use and air pollution has been
linked to high rates of asthma and other respiratory diseases.
-San Joaquin is ranked as the fourth highest county to use agricultural pesticide in California. As a result,
children are regularly exposed to aerosol spraying of pesticides and are at an elevated risk of developing
respiratory problems (5).
-Children are considered to be the most vulnerable population in San Joaquin Valley. They are at a higher risk
than adults because they absorb environmental toxins at a higher rate (5).
-San Joaquin houses the largest number of Mexican immigrant farmworkers in California. Children of
Mexican farmworkers have exceptionally high rates of asthma compared with children of Mexican descent in
both the U.S. and Mexico. Poverty and marginal living conditions increase their vulnerability to environmental
health hazards and non-communicable diseases.
-The effects of pediatric asthma on this population becomes evident when looking at the rates of Emergency
Department visits in San Joaquin. According to California Healthline, the counties in the San Joaquin have
some of the worst rates in the state (7). The California Health Interview Survey found that 30.6% of children
visited the ED or urgent care for asthma compared to 12.6% for the rest of California (8).
-According to the American Lung Association, the San Joaquin Valley has the highest pediatric asthma rates in
all of the nation (2). It remains home to some of the most polluted air in the United States, in terms of both
ozone and particle pollution (9).
-Compared with California as a whole, asthma prevalence and hospitalization rates are greater in San Joaquin
Valley (3). San Joaquin Valley residents breathe some of the nation’s dirtiest air, and about 1 in 4 children have
asthma. According to the California Health Interview Survey, this ratio makes San Joaquin the region with the
highest proportion in the state (7).
Solution
“Kids Against Asthma” is an educational program to reduce the asthma morbidity and
mortality levels in San Joaquin. Our goal is to decrease the rates of asthma related ED
visits, school absences, and the amounts of pesticides used by the farm workers in the
community.
Learning objectives to achieve our goal:
1. To help parents of affected children and school personnel to understand the triggers
of asthma and how they can be avoided.
2. To educate affected children about prescribed medication regimens to prevent
exacerbations of asthma.
3. To educate farmworkers on the use of alternative techniques to reduce pesticide use
without disrupting the agricultural production in the San Joaquin Valley.
Using Dr. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model we provide an educational program
to increase knowledge about achieving optimal health through interaction with San
Joaquin’s surrounding environment and community.
Our Plan:
-To provide weekly educational seminars throughout the community by means of a
mobile van funded by the county of San Joaquin Valley.
-On board the van will be 1-2 nurses, preferably Spanish speaking and of Mexican
descent, who will offer free asthma screenings and peak flow meters. This will help the
target population assess the severity of their asthma.
-To provide further education regarding: the importance of removing pesticide-filled
clothing and shoes before entering homes, the specific triggers that exacerbate pediatric
asthma and avoidance of children playing in pesticide infested fields.
-To create a community center where all children can play. In this center, children will
be away from the pesticides and will be monitored by nurses and healthcare workers.
References
1. Nuss HJ, Hester LL, Perry MA, Stewart‐Briley C, Reagon VM, Collins P. Applying the Social Ecological Model to Creating Asthma‐Friendly Schools in Louisiana [Internet].
Wiley Online
Library. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2016. Level 4
2.Childers L. Driven By High Asthma Rates, Central Valley Tries to Improve Indoor Air Quality [Internet]. California Health Report. California Health Report; 2017. Level 5
3.San Joaquin County 2016 Community Health Needs Assessment [Internet}. Level 5
4.Hernandez R, Curtis K, Carabez R. Struggling to Breathe the Epidemic of Asthma Among Children and Adolescents in the San Joaquin Valley [Internet]. Level 3
5.Glascoe CAV, Schwartz NA. Bad Lungs/Bad Air: Childhood Asthma and Ecosyndemics among Mexican Immigrant Farmworkers of Californias San Joaquin Valley. Human
Organization.
2019;78(2):110–21. Level 3
6.Fresno County Asthma Coalition - RAMP [Internet]. RAMP Fresno County Asthma Coalition Comments. Level 5
7.Rowan HB. Dirty Air And Disasters Sending Kids To The ER For Asthma [Internet]. California Healthline. 2018 Level 5
8.Alcala E, Cisneros R, Capitman JA. Health care access, concentrated poverty, and pediatric asthma hospital care use in Californias San Joaquin Valley: A multilevel approach.
Journal of Asthma. 2017;55(11):1253–61. Level 3
9.State of the Air [Internet]. American Lung Association. Level 5
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Date Digital
2020
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Poster
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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2020-nursing-Diemer Sokolska Volpe
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Diemer, Jessica<br />Sokolska, Marlena<br />Volpe, Lindsay
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5/1/2020
Title
A name given to the resource
“Kids Against Asthma” To Prevent Pediatric Asthma in San Joaquin Valley
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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application/pdf
Extent
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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d35b64bdd4bd246c8cfc14b2c80bffa0
PDF Text
Text
Sex Trafficking of Young Women in New York City and the
Use of Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Solve This Epidemic
Safe Haven
Safe House
Introduction and Selection of a
Community in Need
The Problem
Effect of trafficking on women is profound: New York, is the
fourth most common state for human trafficking cases in
all of America
There are 10,000 cases reported a year, with over 7,000
female
2018 Statistics showed a 25% increase in cases from the
previous year and the numbers are steadily rising
• Sex trafficking is the exploitation of humans,
usually young women, who are used for profit by
others who sell their bodies in exchange for
money.
• Sex trafficking is an industry that is dangerous
which typically effects urban areas.
• New York City can be a perfect breeding
ground for sex trafficking due to its diverse
population and business fronts that allow this
industry to thrive.
• Extremely diverse neighborhoods in New York
City, such as the Lower East Side and Chinatown,
help to further this industry along.
• The long term effects on the victims of sex
trafficking include both physical ailments and
psychological effects such as Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder.
Many victims are younger women often homeless,
orphaned, or abandoned
Nationally up to 2.8 million children and youth run away
from home every year
significant numbers of them will be sexually exploited
Traffickers will promise them money, shelter, and food to
lure in young children and women
Total NYC population in 2018: 8,537,673
•In 2018, 18% of residents in the Lower East Side and
Chinatown lived in poverty. 20% of New York City residents
lived in poverty.
•In 2018, the Lower East Side and Chinatown had 11% of
residents who did not have any healthcare. NYC as a whole
had 12% without healthcare.
Goals
● help relax and lessen the client’s physiological symptoms, and to
control their emotions.
● help promote effective and clear thinking, subsequently changing the
way they view this negative situation.
● encourage safety by recognizing the difference to what is dangerous
as opposed to safe.
● This can help to teach them with,
○ coping skills
○ how-to self soothe
○ lessen a negative reaction
○ how to response to stress
● Continuing counseling after the program
The United States is the center of the internet industry:
feasible way victims are recruited
Traffickers advertise online through websites: posting fake
advertisements for employment Research by Shared Hope
Organization conducted a study across 10 US cities, and
found the internet was used in all 10 cities to sell victims of
sex trafficking
Community Assessment and Analysis
•Total Lower Eastside and Chinatown population in 2018:
171,103
Proposed Solution
Program
● The institution created is called the Safe Haven Safe House.
● Using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
○ provides education to those seeking or receiving mental health
services, such as victims of sex trafficking who are suffering;
especially psychologically.
● The model was adapted by Johnson TF-CBT of 7 stages. This is the new
model that was developed:
○ 1. Gathering
○ 2. Learning
○ 3. Helping
○ 4. Relaxing
○ 5. Feeling
○ 6. Thinking
○ 7. Sharing 1a and 1b
○ 8. Evaluating (Incorporated under Living)
○ 9. Sharing 2
○ 10. Living: free, safe and well
21%
Men involved in sex
trafficking
49%
Women involved in sex
trafficking
23%
Female children involved in
sex trafficking
7%
Male children involved in
sex trafficking
Activities
● life-skills training
● recreational activities
● one to one and group session of psycho-education
● workshops to deal with anger, fear, and rejection
● relaxation techniques -body's automatic response to stress and fear by
the fight or flight, and freeze responses
● arts and crafts activities
● manage their own finances
Targeted specific population
● Women in Chinatown
Where does sexual trafficking occur?
NYC has abundance of buildings and businesses
Sex industry can happen behind closed doors without
anyone aware
In traffickers houses or in establishments such as strip
clubs, massage parlors, and bars
Higher end areas: occur in upscale apartment buildings
Lower end areas: occur in brothels with trafficked
international women
In Chinatown and lower Manhattan: prostitution and
gambling dens are popular
The amount and severity of health problems these women
suffered directly correlates to time and severity of the
trauma they experienced
Most common health problems: GI problems, back pain,
neurological problems
Reproductive problems are common in this population:
Prolapsed uterus, uterine scarring, vaginal and rectal
fistulas
Lasting issues were often a result of untreated STDs, PID,
leading to infertility, tubal pregnancy and chronic pelvic
pain
HIV is found more commonly in this population.
Women brought through international borders can cause
the unintentional spread and resistance of HIV/AIDS in the
United States
References
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
Harding Jones, C. (2018). Counselling Sex-Trafficked Clients Using Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy. Healthcare Counselling & Psychotherapy Journal,18( 2), 16–19. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=130217811&site=edLive
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2018). Lower East and Chinatown: Community
health profile 2018. New York, NY .Retrieved from
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-mn3.pdf
Parrot, A., & Cummings, N. (2008). Sexual enslavement of girls and women
worldwide. Westport: Praeger.
Raymond, J., & Hughes, D. (2001). Sex Trafficking of Women in the United
States: International and Domestic Trends. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women.
Territo, L., & Kirkham, G. (2013). International Sex Trafficking of Women &
Children: Understanding the Global Epidemic. Flushing, NY: Looseleaf Law
Publications.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2020
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2020-nursing-Cuevas Khanamirian Guisao
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Cuevas, Corina<br />Khanamirian, Nicole<br />Guisao, Alicia
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5/1/2020
Title
A name given to the resource
Sex Trafficking of Young Women in New York City and the Use of Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Solve This Epidemic
Contributor
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
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text
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application/pdf
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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c80e384dbc34a82293185ae8907fa992
PDF Text
Text
Community-Acquired MRSA within the Pediatric
Population of NYC
Stephanie Gonzalez WC-NS, Charles E. Onorato WC-NS, Caroline Stasiewicz WC-NS
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing at Wagner College
Introduction and Selection of
Community in Need
●
○ Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) is a bacterium that has become
resistant to several antibiotics. This bacteria
can cause multiple complications including
skin infections, pneumonia and sepsis. 1
○ If resistant strains of bacteria, such as MRSA,
remain a widespread epidemic, it can cause
long term detrimental effects to the
community leading to limited medication
treatments for this infection.
○ The current national guidelines
recommended for first-line treatment in
these skin and soft tissue infections include
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and
doxycycline. 2
● Community in Need
○ The MRSA infection rate is higher among the
pediatric population from Orthodoxassociated zip codes compared to the rate of
infection in other areas in Brooklyn.2
○ According to a study done by NYU Langone
researchers, the community is at high risk
due to an inherited gene mutation.5
Problem in the
Community
● The problem of antibiotic resistance limits
available therapy rendering antibiotics
ineffective to bacterial infections . 3
● The pediatric population is particularly
affected because MRSA thrives in crowded
environments where there is skin-to-skin
contact exposure. These environments
include schools and daycares where children
play sports and participate in other social
activities 1
● The pediatric population of the Orthodox
Jewish community in Brooklyn has the
highest prevalence rate of the infection.9
● When compared to other causes of
hospitalization in NYC, researchers found that
the pediatric population, especially those who
are immunocompromised or come from low
socioeconomic status were most likely to be
hospitalized with CA-MRSA than the general
population. 4
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019, January 31). For Patients. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from
https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/patients.html
2.
Yonts, A., Kronman, M., & Hamdy, R. (2018, November). The Burden and Impact of Antibiotic Prescribing in
Ambulatory Pediatrics. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30337150.
3.
The US Food and Drug Administration. (2019). Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Retrieved October 24, 2019,
from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/antibiotics-and-antibiotic-resistance.
4.
Farr, A. M., Aden, B., Weiss, D., Nash, D., & Marx, M. A. (2012). Trends in Hospitalization for Community-Associated
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in New York City, 1997–2006: Data from New York States Statewide
Planning and Research Cooperative System. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 33(7), 725–731. doi:
10.1086/666329.
5.
Copin, R. E., Sause, W., Fulmer, Y., Balasubramanian, D., & Dyenhaus, S. (2019). Correction for Copin et al.,
Sequential evolution of virulence and resistance during clonal spread of community-acquired
Educate at hospital maternity
units in Maimonides, NYP in
Brooklyn, and other hospitals
nearby. The pediatric
population is more at risk
and parents should be
educated on preventative
measures they should take to
prevent the spread of
diseases.
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(10),
4747–4747. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1902207116.
6.
Dall, C. (2019, January 8). Study highlights spread of unique Staph strain in Brooklyn. Retrieved October 24, 2019,
from
http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/01/study-highlights-spread-unique-staph-strain-brooklyn.
(Level V)
7.
Jenks, N. P., Gandara, M. P. D. L., Dorazio, B., Rosa, J. C. D., Kost, R., Khalida, C., … Tobin, J. (2016). Differences in
prevalence of community-associated MRSA and MSSA between U.S. and non-U.S. born populations in six New
York Community Health Centers. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 14(6), 551–560. doi:
10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.10.003.
8.
Posner, M. (2019). What Is a Yeshiva. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4407857/jewish/What-Is-a-Yeshiva.htm.
9.
NYU Langone Health. (2019, January 7). New MRSA Study in Brooklyn Enclave Provides Framework for Community-Based Infection
Surveillance. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from
https://nyulangone.org/news/new-mrsa-study-brooklyn-enclave-provides-framework-community-based-infection-surveillance.
● The MRSA infection rate per 1,000 admissions
was 10-fold higher among children from
Orthodox-associated zip codes than that from
other zip codes in New York City. 5 (p-value <
0.001)
● MRSA is two times more prevalent in children
from Orthodox-associated “high-risk” zip codes
compared to children coming from “low-risk”
zip codes.5
● 93% (86/92) of the Orthodox community
patients were consistent with carrying the
Brooklyn strain of MRSA. 6
● The Brooklyn variant clone of the infection was
neither found in Manhattan nor in the Bronx.6
● The study conducted in NYC between 1997-2006
showed that children younger than 18 years old
were more at risk for CA-MRSA related to
hospitalization. 7 (p-value < 0.01)
● The study assessed the differences between
immigrants and native-born patients in NYC
and overall, both had similar rates of MRSA
carriage whether they were wound infection
related or nasal carriage. 7
Bacterial Phylogeny reveals the emergence and
spread of a dominant clone (USA300-BKV) in the
Orthodox Jewish community. 92 isolates were
obtained from patients (Shown in Red)
representing the patients residing in
Orthodox-associated zip codes compared with
isolates from other adults and children in the same
hospital that do not reside in the Orthodox Jewish
community.
(A) Shown in red are
the 16 USA300
MRSA gene
isolates from
adults and
children in the
same hospital. In
blue are the
isolates from
Northern
Manhattan and
the Bronx.
(B) 68 USA300
strains from
Northern
Manhattan and
the Bronx
compared to the
clone found in
Brooklyn.
Proposed Solutions
References
1.
Community Assessment
and Analysis
Basic hygienic care will
aid in a decrease spread of
MRSA. These acts include
hand washing, avoiding
shared use of personal
items such as towels,
razors, soap, and keeping
fingernails and toenails
short. 1
Nurses, local policy makers and other
advocates can voice their concerns for proper
cleaning and sanitization methods at public
places such as playgrounds to the Department
of Health and to the Department of Parks and
Recreation.
Visit Yeshiva schools, JCC’s, local
YMCA’s and distribute pamphlets
teaching about basic hygiene and hand
washing. Also, to educate the general
population of Brooklyn, health care
workers such as nurses can distribute
these pamphlets to public schools as
well. 8
How to prevent
the spread of
MRSA
Contact the local Rhabi,
Priests, and other
spiritual and political
figures to send a
message to the
population on the
importance of MRSA
preventative measures.
(C) The
USA300-BKV
gene, specific to
the Jewish
Orthodox
population in
Brooklyn, is
highlighted in
red.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2020
Original Format
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Poster
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Identifier
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2020-nursing-Gonzales Onorato Stasiewicz
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Gonzalez, Stephanie<br />Onorato, Charles E.<br />Stasiewicz, Caroline
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
A name given to the resource
Community-Acquired MRSA within the Pediatric Population of NYC
Contributor
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
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text
Format
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
-
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43d5edf94448726d3585f76a00839cdc
PDF Text
Text
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…
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2020
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Poster
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2020-nursing-Nwobu Correia Shibla
Creator
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Nwobu, Ijeoma<br />Correia, Marisa<br />Shibla, Sarah
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
A name given to the resource
The Prevalence and Development of Mental Illness in the New York State Population
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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application/pdf
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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8eb9f89c41b67bc1447559520fdec276
PDF Text
Text
Prevention and Education of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the
Young Adult Population of the North Shore of Staten Island
Cindy Ly WC-SN, Danielle Prociuk WC-SN
Wagner College Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Introduction
Staten Island is the fifth borough that makes up New
York City. It has the least amount of people out of
all the other boroughs. However, looking at Staten
Island as a whole, data reveals the North Shore
population of Staten Island has the highest rate of
newly diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus,
otherwise known as HIV among the young adults.1
The purpose of this presentation is to question if
early education will prevent HIV in young adults on
the North Shore of Staten Island. This will be
achieved by a proposal of an educational and
interactive workshop in high schools.
Community Assessment and
Analysis
● Staten Island is the only borough where Whites make up the
majority of the population.2
○ Whites: 61%
○ Hispanics/Latinos: 19%
○ Blacks/African Americans: 10%
○ Asians: 10%
● The South Shore is predominantly White whereas the North
Shore is racially diverse due to the exponential increase in the
Asian and Hispanic population since 2000.2
● The North Shore of Staten Island is predominantly lower class;
however, it is currently being gentrified through projects such
as the St.George Waterfront Redevelopment Project,
Lighthouse Point Project, and the Stapleton Waterfront
Project.2 Though it may be good for the community because it
is expected to create permanent jobs and increase tourism, it
could also create economic stress to those of the lower class
by doubling to their current rent.2
● As for how the North Shore residents feel about their own
health, majority report their health as “excellent”. However,
people who live in the North Shore are more likely to have an
average life expectancy of 2.2 years shorter than the average
New Yorker.3
● With data showing obesity rate at 24%, diabetes at 9% and
hypertension at 26%, the biggest concern is how the 4th
leading cause of premature death among the North Shore area
is HIV.
● In fact, North Shore has the highest rate of new diagnosis of
HIV. Although the community has many centers where people
can go to be tested and learn about HIV, there aren’t many
residents that know that they are there which passively
contributes to the rise in HIV infections.
Problem in the Community
● As young adults transition into adulthood, they face many challenges whether
it be socially or mentally.From taking on new responsibilities like scheduling
their own doctors’ appointments and getting yearly checkups to making
competent decisions such as deciding whether to seek help or know when to
say no during difficult situations, it is important to note that during this age
they are more vulnerable than ever.
● From this, they become more vulnerable to infectious diseases such as HIV.
With “almost half of youth ages 18-24 living with the disease in the US do not
know they are infected” 4, this shows that even with ongoing prevention
efforts it remains an issue for the young adult population as they lack the
responsibility to take initiative on their health.
● In Staten Island 1, the problem is the fact that HIV still exists within this
community when the issue could be eradicated completely.
● Statistics were shown that from 2014-2018, people ages 20-29 had the highest
number of new HIV diagnoses in Staten Island 1. However, even though there is
a trend that shows a decrease in the number of newly diagnosed HIV young
adults, the numbers still remained higher in comparison to any other age
groups.
● As for the overall number and rate of new HIV diagnoses in both NYC and
Staten Island, the difference in the rate of decrease was reported to be lower
in Staten Island than in NYC.1
● The presence of HIV also impacted North Shore in a way that even when the
community were timely linked to care in 2017, it shows there was a small
portion of people who were timely linked to care in Port Richmond and
Stapleton-St George in comparison to the other parts of the island such as the
South Shore and NYC as a whole.1
Proposed Solution
Our solution to decrease the number of young adults
contracting HIV starts this a more comprehensive approach to
education and awareness.With young adults, it is important to
consider that they can be more spontaneous with their actions.
Many youth leave high school with a lack of sexual education
which leads to not taking preventative actions when having
sex. Implementing an interactive workshop into the high school
curriculum would provide the students with a better
understanding of the risks that come with unprotected sex and
the preventative measures they could take to prevent from
contracting HIV. Emphasizing the need for abstaining from sex
for as long as possible, educating about the need to use
contraception, and educating about the steps taken after a
person is diagnosed with HIV would be the goals of this
program. The workshops would include guest speakers who are
living with HIV to speak to the youth about how HIV affects
their lives and what they could have done to prevent from
contracting it, digital tools such as social media and
stimulating educational videos, and group activities to help
facilitate discussion. In all, educating the high school
population about the risks of HIV is a key factor of preventing
the spread of the virus as they grow into young adults.
References
1. The New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene. HIV in Staten Island, NYC 2018. Available
from:
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/
dires/hiv-aids-in-staten-island-nyc.pdf
2. Bleiwas KB, DiNapoli TP. An Economic Snapshot of
Staten Island. Available from:
https://osc.state.ny.us/osdc/rpt7-2019.pdf
3. The New York City Department of Health and Mental
Hygiene. Community Health Profiles: St. George and
Stapleton 2018. Available from:
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/
data/2018chp-si1.pdf
4. Youth HIV Statistics & Facts. Available from:
https://www.whatworksinyouthhiv.org/youth-hiv/hi
v-prevention-treatment/youth-hiv-statistics-and-fac
ts
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV
Among Youth. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/age/youth/index.h
tml
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Date Digital
2020
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Poster
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
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2020-nursing-Ly Prociuk
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Ly, Cindy<br />Prociuk, Danielle
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5/1/2020
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Prevention and Education of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in the Young Adult Population of the North Shore of Staten Island
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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text
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1 page
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eng
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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2017
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Vocal Performance
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Dido and Aeneas - Oft She Visits This Lov’d Mountain - 1:53 minutes<br />J.S. Bach- Ich wünschte mir den Tod-Cantata 57 - 5:15 minutes<br />Roger Quilter-June - 2:41 minutes
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2017-music-Maisonet
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Maisonet, Sylvia
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5/1/2017
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Senior Recital
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Dido and Aeneas - Oft She Visits This Lov’d Mountain (1:53 minutes)<br />J.S. Bach- Ich wünschte mir den Tod-Cantata 57 (5:15 minutes)<br />Roger Quilter-June (2:41 minutes)
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Music
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audio
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eng
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Abstract
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Sylvia Maisonet performed her senior recital on April 12th 2017 in Wagner’s Music Performance Center. This recital was divided into two sections, the first including music of the baroque which includes two early cantatas accompanied by a small baroque ensemble which included flute, violins, viola, harpsichord and cello. The second portion of the recital explores different moments in opera and art song that Sylvia has studied at Wagner. The second portion of the recital was accompanied by pianist Glenn Kaiser. Sylvia’s repertoire changed multiple times before the final list was decided, and she was greatly helped by her voice coach, Janet Pranschke, who is an expert on vocal health and the anatomy of the vocal tract. Having performed a shared junior recital and additional full recital the year before, Sylvia had experience with writing programs and performing for long periods of time. The challenge with her senior recital was to maintain the correct vocal technique for each of the styles of music she sang, so as to not tire or strain her voice.
Sylvia rehearsed daily at Wagner and in her home off campus to ensure that her repertoire and research were ready to be presented at her recital. Maintaining vocal health was important and just as important was the research. Sylvia used the Wagner library for references to books about J.S Bach and Elisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre, the composers for her two most challenging pieces. Sylvia wrote many of the translations in her program. Many translations on the internet are literal word for word translations and Sylvia interpreted them by moving words around to better make sense of what the original authors meant.
Each week Sylvia focused on certain sections of her program and worked on diction, interpretation of the texts, vocal style, technique, staging, and pitch. Since her early music would be played by the orchestra a half a step down, she learned how to transpose her music fluently at the piano and how to improve her vocal technique when singing above so many other instruments. The program included a duet with another soprano who Sylvia rehearsed with at least once a week. The dress rehearsal for her recital spanned two days, including one day rehearsing with the orchestra at the Juilliard School. The second day included a full run through of the music accompanied by piano, with staging, exits, entrances, and bows. Sylvia dedicated about 220 hours to her senior recital. These hours do not include the time Sylvia dedicated to other musical commitments on and off campus.
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Music
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PDF Text
Text
Student’s Name: Oskar Erik Sundberg
Senior Project Title: Accessing diynes containing thiocyanate end-groups en route towards
polydiacetylenes
Advisor: Dr. Racquel DeCicco
Major: Chemistry
Abstract
The synthesis of diynes with sulfur-containing end groups was explored en route towards
accessing novel polydiacetylenes (PDAs), a class of conjugated polymers with conductive
properties. Diynes containing thiophene and thiocyanate end-groups have been targeted, with
the latter being the focus of this project. Thiocyanate (SCN) end-groups are expected to impact
the electronic properties of the polymerized system because of the resonance-stabilization and
electronic effects of these groups. Efforts to synthesize 1,4-dithiocyanatobuta-1,3-diyne have
yielded promising results, with 13C NMR data containing peaks that correspond well with
predicted spectra. Additional characterization is needed to confirm isolation of this novel diyne
before polymerization can be fully explored. Computational simulation of chemical shifts was
explored to complement the experimental and predicted NMR spectra. Removal of trace solvents
such as triethylamine has proven troublesome, thus complicating initial polymerization efforts.
However, recent spectroscopic data indicates successful isolation of the diyne that would
facilitate future polymerization attempts.
�
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Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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Date Digital
2019
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Abstract
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2019_Chemistry_SeniorArtifact
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Sundberg, Oskar Erik
Date
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5/1/2019
Description
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The synthesis of diynes with sulfur-containing end groups was explored en route towards accessing novel polydiacetylenes (PDAs), a class of conjugated polymers with conductive properties. Diynes containing thiophene and thiocyanate end-groups have been targeted, with the latter being the focus of this project. Thiocyanate (SCN) end-groups are expected to impact the electronic properties of the polymerized system because of the resonance-stabilization and electronic effects of these groups. Efforts to synthesize 1,4-dithiocyanatobuta-1,3-diyne have yielded promising results, with 13C NMR data containing peaks that correspond well with predicted spectra. Additional characterization is needed to confirm isolation of this novel diyne before polymerization can be fully explored. Computational simulation of chemical shifts was explored to complement the experimental and predicted NMR spectra. Removal of trace solvents such as triethylamine has proven troublesome, thus complicating initial polymerization efforts. However, recent spectroscopic data indicates successful isolation of the diyne that would facilitate future polymerization attempts.
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Dr. Racquel DeCicco
Chemistry
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text
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application/pdf
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Title
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Accessing diynes containing thiocyanate end-groups en route towards polydiacetylenes
Chemistry
-
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PDF Text
Text
Study of Nutritional Status in Bamyan, Afghanistan:
Malnutrition and Its Underlying Causes
Ayoub – July 2019-Present
�Background
Nutrition
World Health Organization reports that undernutrition endangers millions of lives
around the world.
Factors such as social class, natural hazards, economic policy and gender
inequality lead to short- and long-term undernourishment.
Wasting (disproportionally thin relative to her/his age)
Stunting (disproportionally short for her/his age)
�UNICEF, WHO, World Bank 2019
�Afghanistan
Problem Statement
The world bank’s National
Nutrition Survey in Afghanistan
(2004-2005) reported 54% of
children below age five
chronically undernourished and
39% underweight with their
body mass under 18.5.
(World Bank 2004-2005)
�Challenge I
Lack of
Accessibility
Diversity in diet
The staple crop – wheat,
diminishes the diversity of
food sources. Households
with food insecurity,
heavily rely on cheap
calories consisting 75%
wheat and other cereals.
Typical food in rural Afghanistan
Halva
Bread
�Challenge II
The Baba Mountain Range Reaches The Greatest
Height: 5,142 M
Accessibility
The mountainous geography of
Afghanistan makes it difficult for the
health providers to bring aid.
Geopolital Future 2019
�Challenge II
Dominance
Accessibilityof Male
over the Resources
Dominance of Male
over the Resources
The typical activities of
Afghan women are weaving,
embroidery, weaving carpets,
and rendering chickens. Such
activities kept female
population away from
participating in large scale
farm labor.
Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL) 2018
�Research Site
Bamiyan Province
Central Highland
Hazara ethnic group
Mountainous
Agricultural Products:
Wheat, barely (40%),
potato (46%), fruits (2%)
and fodder (11%)
Fotolia 2019
�Hypothesis I
Women’s Engagement in
Agriculture
If women’s lack of engagement in agricultural production is decreasing
their access to resources, then I would expect to see those women with
less engagement outside their homes to lack more nutrients.
�Hypothesis II
Lack of Diversity in Diet
If people in Bamyan eat more diverse food, their families will
be healthier. Growing variety of crops can increase sources of
protein and vitamin in their diet
�Hypothesis III
Women’s
Lack of Diversity
Increasing
Engagement in accessibilityDiet
in
Agriculture
If the lack access to health services is one of factors that impacts ,
I expect rural families who are blocked by the harsh weather and
have less access to transportation will appear more vulnerable to
undernourishment
�Research
Methodology
Participant Observation
Qualitative Interview
Food Diary
Biological indicators
�Participant Observation
The participants will consist of both male, and female, primarily mothers, and
children below age of five. I intend to examine their nutrition status relative to the
aforementioned factors.
I will alternate my stay with different household who are wealthy and poor in
order to see both sides of the coin in one village.
Participant as an Observer
Observer as a Participant
(Sauro 2015)
�Qualitative Interview
I will conduct structured interviews
with the local villagers, officials,
Department of Health and the Office
of the Governor to learn about the
location, seasonal weather, closest
health centers/clinics/hospitals,
means of transportation, land
ownership, non-agricultural
activities.
(Sauro 2015)
�Food Diary
I will keep a food diary of
myself during my research and
will select a subset of my
informants to record their diet
on daily basis.
Food Diary 2013
�Biological indicators
Weight-for-age
Height-for-age
Mid upper arm circumference
Head circumference
WW USA 2019
�Significance
Significance
Raise awareness
Improve policies and programs
Collect evidence
�Implementation
Significance Phase
�Implementation
Significance Phase
����
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Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Date Digital
2019
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Study
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2019-anthropology-Ayoub
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Ayoub, Qamar Nisa Mohammad
Date
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5/1/2019
Title
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Study of Nutritional Status in Bamyan, Afghanistan: Malnutrition and its Underlying Causes
Contributor
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Anthropology
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text
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application/pdf
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22 slides
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Anthropology
-
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25bafec87d89a632ea10efdf2b8e285c
PDF Text
Text
1
Tucker Cowdin
Senior Thesis
BU 400 Thesis and Practicum
Nicolais School of Business
Wagner College
Spring 2020
�2
Abstract
Veterans have always played a crucial role in protecting our country, but they have also
played a crucial role in business as well. In the entrepreneurship space of this country, veterans
make up around 10% of small business owners (Oja, 2020). Veterans are also comparably more
successful at becoming entrepreneurs than civilians are. There many factors that affect the
veteran’s success, but a major one is the military experiences such as boot camp and war which
instill teamwork, disciple, and resiliency in them. Veterans then take these skills and transition
into the civilian sector where they seek to become business owners. With many obstacles such as
adapting to a new work environment and having to learn a new set of skills to operate with
civilians, veterans have shown to be very adaptable and resourceful during this transition.
Veterans are shown to be older, more educated, and to earn more money than civilians are in the
small business sector. These results show support that veterans are more successful at being
entrepreneurs than civilians are and this information can be used for investors seeking to work
with veterans or even by veterans themselves who are seeking entrepreneurship.
�3
Introduction
Today, there is an immense and diverse workforce that operates businesses that address
almost every want and need of society. These companies are being started and operated by
highly motivated entrepreneurs who seek to make an impact on the world. However, a small and
less frequently discussed segment of these entrepreneurs share a bond that may give them an
advantage over others, namely military veterans. Military veterans have a higher chance of
becoming successful entrepreneurs because of the skills they learned while being in the armed
forces. The following is a discussion of how the skillsets are acquired and how veterans transfer
these skills into entrepreneurship.
Literature Review
Military Careers
Military Experiences
The topic of veteran entrepreneurs is not studied widely, but some research discusses their
characteristics. For example, research found that Veterans have more life experience and trauma
compared to civilians, but it does not seem to lower their perceived quality of life or ability to
work in a high-stress work environment (Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak, 2017). One
experience that Veterans endure include things like bootcamp, where they are molded into a
soldier and if they cannot handle it, then they are dismissed from the military. Another
experience is combat which teaches teamwork and strategy. All these experiences build mental
resiliency in soldiers which gives Veterans an edge. This resiliency is associated with higher
�4
levels of openness, optimism, purpose in life, professional development, and a great need for
autonomy (Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak, 2017). hese characteristics are crucial
T
when starting a company or operating a business which is why veterans are drawn to
self-employment.
Military Benefits
Research found that veterans are more than twice as likely to become entrepreneurs
compared to civilians and are more educated and older, as well (Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem,
Pietrzak, 2017). The interpretation of this finding suggests that because the military requires a
minimum service of 4 years, veterans have more opportunity to seek higher education, through
military benefits such as the GI Bill, and to develop better life skills. Some of the life skills that
veterans develop in the military are the ability to function in a team, lead others in operations,
and to seek professional and personal development (Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak,
2017). Comparing those life skills to the traits of successful entrepreneurs shows how military
training can effectively prepare someone to be self-employed.
Length of military career
There is a curvilinear relationship between the length of service in the military beyond 4
years and the success rate of entrepreneurs (Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak, 2017),
which indicates that the skills that correlate to entrepreneurship are developed early on in one’s
military career. Veterans who serve for 4 to 20 years tended to become employees (Heinz,
Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak, 2017), but veterans who served only 4 years or served more
than 20 years tended to have high entrepreneurship rates. Veterans who stay in 20 years receive
full benefits and have more financial freedom to pursue entrepreneurship opportunities.
�5
Length of military career cont.
Research shows that 45% of veterans attempt to be self-employed, and veterans who
spend less time in the military, 4 years, have a higher chance at becoming an entrepreneur when
compared to those who stay longer, 5-15 years (Hope, Mackin, 2011). However, this finding
does not apply to veterans who served 20 or more years in the military, who appear to have the
same rate of entrepreneurs as do their younger counterparts. The reason for this is because those
who stay longer than 20 years usually have higher pensions and have acquired hire education to
advance their military careers. With this extra wealth and education, veterans with 20 or more
years of service have around a 45% rate of seeking self-employment Hope, Mackin (2011).
Special Forces
Veterans are highly sought after because they are resilient, highly trained, and have
significant experience working in stressful situations because of the training they receive.
Military training is intense, but that intensity is amplified for individuals who enter the Special
Forces. These individuals must endure grueling selection processes that lead them to have
stronger traits such as mental resiliency, work ethic, and leadership beyond the average veteran
(Smith, Young, Crum, 2020). Instructors of special forces selection programs train the candidates
to think positively during stressful times rather than thinking negatively. Instructors taught the
candidates about task orientation, visualization, and positive thinking (Smith, Young, Crum,
2020). When the candidates applied these lessons to the training, their success rate increased
from 20% up to 90%, while the candidates who did not apply these lessons saw no change in
success rates (Smith, Young, Crum, 2020). reating this mindset that focuses on task orientation,
C
visualization and positive thinking in soldiers allows the military to send them to perform
�6
high-risk operations and to mitigate stress, which is why these mindset training techniques are
sought-after in the civilian world because of their endless application to life and work.
5 tools used by special forces
Research found that these special forces soldiers can individually and collectively make
mindful decisions in high-stress operations (Fraher, Branicki, Grint, 2017). This ability is
referred to as “Mindfulness in Action” and consists of five important tools that are used to
handle and succeed at operating in high-stress situations, as follows: preoccupation with failure;
reluctance to simplify; sensitivity to operations; commitment to resilience; and deference to
expertise (Fraher, Branicki, Grint, 2017). Preoccupation with Failure means that small failures
must be noticed and addressed. Reluctance to Simplify means to maintain distinctiveness.
Sensitivity to Operations is to analyze everything that can lead to failure. Commitment to
Resilience is having the ability to bounce back. Deference to Expertise is empowering
individuals on your team to develop their own pathways (Fraher, Branicki, Grint, 2017). These
mindfulness skills are developed through the military training and experiences which makes the
skills hard to obtain for civilians yet highly valuable to teams and companies that do not have it.
Veterans Skills and Entrepreneurship
Skill sets veterans take away from the military
Through their training and experiences, veterans leave the military with a skill set that is
difficult to obtain in the civilian world. Because of these skillsets, veterans seek self-employment
�7
and they are so successful at it that almost ten percent of businesses are owned by a veteran (Oja,
2020). Research indicates veterans have strong intrapreneurship skills that they derive from the
military such as the following: risk management; performance under pressure; directness; speed;
assertiveness; team decision-making; methodical approaches to problems; and leadership
qualities (Oja, 2020). The research also shows that individuals who already have these skill sets
seek the military more than people who do not have these skills (Oja, 2020), which suggest that
the military is recruiting individuals who already have an entrepreneurship mindset and use this
mindset and skills gained from the military to seek out entrepreneurship opportunities.
Obstacles veterans face in the civilian workforce
With the success rate of veteran entrepreneurs being high, it does not mean that the transition
from soldier to civilian is easy and without obstacles. The biggest obstacle that transitioning
veterans face is developing civilian skills and applying their military skills to best use (Lyons,
2014), which is an obstacle faced by over 30% of Veterans who described it as being the most
difficult obstacle to overcome. In contrast, 70% stated that they did not experience any problems
with learning civilian skills and that their work environment showed a more military style of
operations (Lyons, 2014).
The next biggest obstacles veterans faced was having to work with a team that had different
work ethic, level of trust, and discipline that they were used to having in the military. Around
60% of veterans discussed how emotional trauma was a challenge to get over and they had
anxiety and doubt about leaving the military and the unknown of the civilian workforce (Lyons,
2014). To cope with these obstacles, the participants stated that staying positive, maintaining
�8
physical fitness, networking with other veterans, and using their training of task orientation and
mission planning helped them overcome these obstacles (Lyons, 2014).
Veterans’ ability to adapt
The transition from the military to the civilian world can be difficult, however, many
veterans found that immersing themselves back into training, in this case for the civilian world,
allowed them to become more successful (Kerrick, Cumberland, Church, Kemelgor, 2014).
Research showed that veterans who participated in a 10-week entrepreneurship course (learning
market strategy, inventory, client relations, etc.) and who worked with local entrepreneurs were
twice as likely to pursue entrepreneurship opportunities and were more prepared to handle the
challenges that the course provides (Kerrick, Cumberland, Church, Kemelgor, 2014).
Stats on veteran-owned businesses
Veterans are able to train and adapt to their environments better than most civilians are able
to adapt, and because of this, the number of veteran-owned businesses have grown, and the
businesses can be studied more in-depth now (Sobota, 2012). The largest percentages of veteranowned business were financial, construction, and professional or technical. Most of these
businesses were small, usually having 10 to 19 employees. The states with the highest number of
veteran owned businesses are California and Texas, which are the states with the largest
active-duty military population (Sobota, 2012). The largest form of investment capital that these
veterans had in their businesses were from their personal accounts or family savings (61.7%)
(Sobota, 2012).
United Nations sustainable goals
�9
Veteran-owned business are 5 times more likely to hire a veteran employee than are other
businesses (Sobota, 2012), which is good for veterans, and it also helps address one of the United
Nations Sustainable Goal #10: Reduced Inequalities because it helps fight the rising level of
veteran unemployment. The military is amongst one of the most diverse organizations in the
world (Sobota, 2012), so offering veterans employment helps decrease inequality. Research also
shows that veteran entrepreneurs higher wages and offer more benefits to their employees, which
provides people with healthcare and helps them stay out of poverty (Sobota, 2012).
Conclusion
Veterans are trained to be hardworking and disciplined individuals who work effectively in
teams, and there are few other correlating aspects of our society than business and sports
franchises that benefit the most from having these characteristics. The veteran entrepreneurship
population is growing and the reason for its success is the life lessons and skills that the military
provides. Top-level military operators such as special forces soldiers are highly sought-after
employees because of their ability to make mindful decisions in high-stress situations. Veterans
not only thrive in the business world, but they are more competitive and adaptive than most
civilians, which is why veterans have a higher chance of being successful entrepreneurs than
civilians.
Hypotheses
H1:
Veterans are more drawn to become entrepreneurs compared to non-veterans of the same
age, education, household, race, and sex.
H2:
�10
Veteran entrepreneurs have a higher likelihood of becoming a successful entrepreneur
compared to non-veterans based on skills and abilities acquired from the military.
Method
Subjects
Veterans & Non-veterans
The U.S. Census Bureau’s Survey of Business Owners (SBO) conducts a survey once every five
years on Small business owners. Participants were able to distinguish themselves as being either
a veteran or a non-veteran prior to taking the survey.
Measures
Sample
The SBO conducted over 1.78 million surveys and took a population sample of 239,178,768
individuals in the year 2012. Of this sample, there were 21,230,865 veterans and 217,947,903
non-veterans.
Procedure
The research used was found using the Wagner College database, OneSearch. I was able to
locate this research study after using search terms “Veterans” and “Entrepreneur.” This study
was ideal because it was one of the very few that compared veterans to non-veterans. Analyzing
the data, it calculates the percentage of each survey question for each individual group (veteran,
non-veteran). This allows us to see side-by-side how each group correlates.
Survey
Period of service
Gender
Age
Race and Ethnicity
�11
Median Income
Educational Attainment
Results
Survey
Period of service
Table 1 shows that 75% of veteran small business owners were wartime veterans and 25%
were non-wartime veterans. The largest percentage of veteran business owners served during the
Vietnam era war at (34.9%), while 12.9% served during the current war era (i.e., Gulf War II
era), s and 17.1% served during the war prior, (i.e., Gulf War I)
Gender
Of veterans, there is a large discrepancy between men and women becoming small business
owners. With 92.4% being men and only 7.6 being women, while on the civilian side, women
lead the way at 55.8% and the men at 44.2%. Business owners in the civilian realm are more
gender diverse. while the veteran realm is mostly male- dominated.
�12
Age
Age was divided into different segments: 18-34; 35-54; 55-64; 65-74; and 74 and over. For
veterans, there are fewer business owners in the 18-34 years age segment (8.6%) but for the older
age segments, the percentage is in the 20% range. For civilians, side shows the age segments
with the highest percentage of entrepreneurs is the youngest segments of 18-34 years (32.6%)
and 35-54 years (36.4%). Other age groups have percentages as low as (6.6%). The results show
that veterans not only start creating business when they are older but tend to remain business
owners longer in their life when compared to civilians.
Race and Ethnicity
The results where almost identical between civilians and veterans. White was the largest race
for both sides coming in at 83.7% for the veterans and 74.9% for the civilians. The next largest
�13
was African Americans coming in at 11.3% for veterans and 12.2% for civilians. The only major
difference between the two was the Hispanic or Latino segment where the veteran side only had
5.7% and the civilian side had 15.6%. As far as diversity goes, both sides are on par with each
other with the biggest differences being that of Asians and Hispanic/Latinos, where the civilian
sector has better representation of them.
Median Income
Table 1 shows median income for civilian and veteran workers above the age of 18 in 2012
dollars. Veterans on average, and between the sexes, have a higher median income compared to
civilians. The average median income for veterans is $36,264 while the average for civilians is
$25,337. The total for veteran males is $36,672 and females is $30,929 while civilian males was
$31,586 and females $21,071. This not only shows that veterans make more, but it also shows a
smaller pay gap between the sexes for veterans than civilians.
�14
Educational Attainment
This category is broken into 4 segments of education: less than high school graduate; high
school graduate or equivalent; some college or associate degree; and a bachelor’s degree or
higher. The results show veterans having a smaller percentage of individuals who have not
graduated high school (7.1%) than the civilian business owners (14.4%). Veterans have a higher
percentages of business owners with a high school diploma (29.2%) and some college or
associate degree (36.9%) than civilians. Civilians have lower percentages: high school graduates
at (27.9%); and some college or associate degree at (28.3%). The only segments where civilians
exceeded veterans in educational attainment is the bachelor’s degree or higher with results at
(29.3%) while the veterans are at (26.7%).
�15
Discussion
Veterans and civilians clearly have different life experiences and these differences show up
in entrepreneurship. In terms or age, both veterans and civilians believe it plays a significant
factor is self-employment, however, there is more youth on the civilian side when compared to
the veteran side. This can be interpreted that the veterans where enlisted in the military during
their younger years, so they were not able to pursue entrepreneurship opportunities at an earlier
age. With education, overall, veterans are more educated than civilians are. This can be
correlated to the fact the veterans have benefits like the G.I. Bill which helps them pay for higher
education while the civilians must rely on student loans. Median income shows that veterans
earn more money than civilian earn as small business owners, however, because veterans get
benefits such as more attractive business loans and retirement pay, it can be inferred that these
military benefits will lead them to have higher income. Diversity between both groups show
opposite results in terms of sex. Veteran males are more likely to be entrepreneurs than females
while it is the opposite for civilians. This shows that there are more opportunities in the civilian
sector for female entrepreneurship than there is in the veteran sector where most
�16
entrepreneurship is found in business sectors that are male dominated; construction, plumbing,
finance. The research showed that the being in the military longer results in less
self-employment, most likely due to the financial security that the military provides during
someone’s middle-aged years.
Conclusions
This thesis gives a vivid description of both veteran and civilian business owners, showing
their similarities and their differences. Veteran business owners are far more male dominated
while civilians are mostly female dominated. There is more youth in the civilian sector while the
veterans have older business owners who tend to stay business owners for longer. Race and
ethnicity were almost even between civilians and veterans showing there is not much limitation
for anyone wanting to become a business owner. Last, we see that veterans earn more than
civilians and are generally more educated, besides a bachelor’s degree, than civilians. Hypothesis
1, veterans are more drawn to entrepreneurship than civilians …, is found to be true through this
research and the fact that there are 30 million small business owners in the country and 2.5
million of them are veteran owned. Given that there are 18 million veterans in the country this
gives us 14% of veterans become entrepreneurs while the civilian sector, 330 million population,
has only 8% becoming small business owners. The second hypothesis, that veteran is more likely
to be more successful based off military training is partially true. There was no evidence that
showed military training had a direct impact on success, but the research did show that veterans
made more money and were entrepreneurs longer than civilians. Hypothesis 3 And 4 were
unfounded as there was not enough information on veteran and civilian stress management and
entrepreneurial skills. However, the research did give us some interesting insight into how elite
�17
teams like the Navy SEALS handle stressful missions and the tools they use can be applied into
our lives as well.
Implications for practice
The research allows us gives us multiples avenues for applications, such as pitching a veteran
start-up to investors. The start-up can use the data found in the research to show how on average
veterans are more educated and make overall more money than civilian entrepreneurs. This
research can also be shown to military men and women who are transitioning out of the military
and are seeking entrepreneurship. This research will help them understand that veterans are
successful in entrepreneurship and because of all the benefits that the military offers; low-interest
rate small business loans, G.I. Bill for education, free healthcare.
Implications for research
Research on veteran entrepreneurship is scarce given the size and success of these business
owners. The study should help inform future studies on how veterans compare to their civilian
counterparts especially when it comes to income and educations. There is a stigma that veterans
are not as educated and make less money than civilians, but this study proves the opposite. For
future research, there needs to be more evidence comparing and contrasting veterans and
civilians. The research I found contrasting the two was limited as the overwhelming research was
just speaking regarding the veterans. There also needs to be research done on how the veterans
can utilize all the benefits that the military offers them. Especially on the different loans they are
offered to create small businesses and if they can extend their healthcare benefits to employees.
Overall, there needs to be more research done on veteran entrepreneurs and I hope this paper
sheds some light and offers understanding on these valuable business owners.
�18
References
FRAHER, A. L., BRANICKI, L. J., & GRINT, K. (2017). Mindfulness in Action: Discovering
How U.S. Navy Seals Build Capacity for Mindfulness in High-Reliability Organizations
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(Hros). cademy of Management Discoveries, (3), 239–261.
A
3
https://ezproxy.wagner.edu:2310/10.5465/amd.2014.0146
Fraher, Branicki, Grint (2017) This article investigates how U.S. Navy SEALS can individually
and collectively make mindful decisions in high-stress operations. These article calls such ability
“Mindfulness in Action” and research SEAL commandos to try and figure they can obtain it.
While finding out new concepts to combine these skills from an individual and cooperative level,
this article seeks to open up new avenues for reliability-seeking organizations.
Heinz, A. J., Freeman, M. A., Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). American military
veteran entrepreneurs: A comprehensive profile of demographic, service history, and
psychosocial characteristics. ilitary Psychology (American Psychological
M
Association), 9(6), 513–523. ttps://ezproxy.wagner.edu:2310/10.1037/mil0000195
2
h
Heinz, Freeman, Harpaz-Rotem, Pietrzak (2017) This article investigates the impact that military
services has on self-employed veterans and also veterans who works as employees. Veterans are
more than twice as likely to become entrepreneurs when compared to non-veterans. From this
study it also shows that veteran entrepreneurs are more educated and older than the civilian
entrepreneur. This article also shows no correlation to experiences in the military to success in
the workforce. When compared to veteran business owners versus veteran employees the biggest
�20
differences were that the business owners tended to have served in Vietnam and were not in the
military if veteran employees.
Hope, J. B., & Mackin, P. C. (2011). actors affecting entrepreneurship among veterans. New
F
York: SAG Corporation.
Hope, Mackin (2011) This books studies whether or not military training has any correlating
effects on self-employed individuals in the workforce. The book did find that they can link
around 45% of former military members attempt to be self-employed. However, the book does
show that veterans who spend less time in the military seem to have a higher chance at becoming
an entrepreneur when compared to those who stay longer. This finding suggests that maybe
military training itself doesn’t have an effect on entrepreneurship. However, this finding does not
apply to veterans who served 20 or more years in the military, they appear to have the same rate
on entrepreneurs as do their younger counterparts.
Kerrick, S. A., Cumberland, D., Church-Nally, M., & Kemelgor, B. (2014). Military veterans
marching towards entrepreneurship: An exploratory mixed methods study. nternational
I
Journal of Management Education (Elsevier Science), 2(3), 469–478.
1
https://ezproxy.wagner.edu:2310/10.1016/j.ijme.2014.05.006
�21
Kerrick, Cumberland, Church, Kemelgor (2014)This study was aimed at how community-based
entrepreneurship and networking training had on military veterans. The study was measuring
Entrepreneurship Passion (EP) and networking behavior. The study was a 10-week course and
included business mentoring sessions with local entrepreneurs. The study showed positive results
in veteran EP and increased in networking behaviors.
Lyons, J. A. (2014). eteran entrepreneurship: A phenomenological study of the lived
V
experience of veterans' transition from military service to entrepreneurship (Doctoral
dissertation, Capella University).
Lyons (2014) This study was aimed at understanding how the Gulf-War Era II veterans became
successful entrepreneurs even though they faced many challenges. Gulf-War Era II veterans refer
to veterans who served in the Post 9/11 era. Some of these challenges were a significant number
of people not joining the military during this time and the decline of the self-employed veteran.
Some of the questions that this study asked was how these veterans perceived opportunity, how
they transitioned their life-experiences into entrepreneurship, and what did the military provide
that aided them to becoming a successful entrepreneur.
�22
Oja, S. (2020). all for Chapters: Global Perspectives on Military Entrepreneurship and
C
Innovation. IGI Global.
Oja (2020) This book first starts off by explaining how the field of military entrepreneurship has
very little research on it but that it plans on changing that. This book describes how veterans
have strong intrapreneurship that derive from the military. This book also touches on how
important the role of the military spouse entrepreneurship is and why itself is a topic that needs
more research. The book also lists qualities that veterans gain from the military such as: risk
management, performance under pressure, directness, speed, assertiveness, team
decision-making, methodical approaches to problems, and leadership qualities.
Smith, E. N., Young, M. D., & Crum, A. J. (2020). Stress, Mindsets, and Success in Navy
SEALs Special Warfare Training. rontiers in Psychology, 0, 1.
F
1
Smith, Young, Crum (2020) This study was conducted to understand what allows individuals to
go through stressful situations and how if their mindsets can be a predetermination on how those
individuals perform. The test was on the notorious screening test ran by the U.S. Navy SEALS
which is called BUDs (Basic Underwater Demolition training). The study test individuals who
have a stress-is-positive mindset or a stress-is-debilitating mindset. The study followed 174 Navy
Seal candidates through the grueling 6-month screening process.
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Sobota, J. (2012). Veteran-Owned Businesses and Their Owners: Data from the US Census
Bureau’s Survey of Business Owners. ublic Law, 06, 50.
P
1
Sobota (2012) This research was done by the U.S. small business administration and aimed to
explore the rarely researched field of veteran entrepreneurship. This research was to see how the
Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act of 1999 effected veterans
retiring from duty. The information was taken from the 2012 census and provided in-depth
information about veteran ran companies. Such information consisted of average company size,
average industry that veterans operate in, and the demographics of veteran entrepreneurs.
�
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Effect of Veteran Status on the Propensity to become an Entrepreneur
Description
An account of the resource
Veterans have always played a crucial role in protecting our country, but they have also played a crucial role in business as well. In the entrepreneurship space of this country, veterans make up around 10% of small business owners (Oja, 2020). Veterans are also comparably more successful at becoming entrepreneurs than civilians are. There many factors that affect the veteran’s success, but a major one is the military experiences such as boot camp and war which instill teamwork, disciple, and resiliency in them. Veterans then take these skills and transition into the civilian sector where they seek to become business owners. With many obstacles such as adapting to a new work environment and having to learn a new set of skills to operate with civilians, veterans have shown to be very adaptable and resourceful during this transition. Veterans are shown to be older, more educated, and to earn more money than civilians are in the small business sector. These results show support that veterans are more successful at being entrepreneurs than civilians are and this information can be used for investors seeking to work with veterans or even by veterans themselves who are seeking entrepreneurship.
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Business (Finance)
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23 pages
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Business
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Does active addiction affect performance and productivity in the workplace?
Amanda Gavrity
Senior Thesis
BU 400 Thesis and Practicum
Nicolais School of Business
Wagner College
Spring 2020
�1
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Abstract
This analysis of research is to determine if Substance Use Disorder negatively effects job
performance and productivity. With today’s rising opioid epidemic, we take a look into SUD and
what it means to have an SUD, we take a look into the effects of SUD and look into research that
looks into poor job performance and productivity and does SUD have any relationship to this.
Based on data and research collect little research states that there is no correlation between
having an SUD and poor job performance and productivity. Further analysis shows that there is a
correlation but there needs to be more current research due to the current status of SUD in the
United States. Research also shows that there is a need for more in depth research for this topic
due to the opioid epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic to further analyze the effects that these two
events have had on the work force when it comes to mental health specifically SUD. This thesis
will take a look into addiction, job performance, and productivity and what impact one has on the
other.
Introduction
Not many people understand the complexity of addiction and how many different
addictions there are in the world. The focus of this thesis is Substance Use Disorder. Substance
Use Disorder does not discriminate, it can affect anyone of any race or financial background.
Twenty-seven million Americans’ reported use of an illegal substance in 2015, and over
sixty-six million reported drinking excessively within 30 days. Seventy-eight people die every
day in the United States from an opiate overdose number have increased significantly since 1999
(Keane, 2018). The estimated yearly economic impact of Substance Use Disorder is $249 billion
�2
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
for alcohol and $193 for drug use (Keane, 2018). The long-term effects on society can include
reduced productivity, higher health care costs, unintended pregnancies, spread of infectious
disease, drug-related crime, interpersonal violence, stress within families and many other things
(Keane, 2018). The focus of this thesis is on productivity and performance in the workplace.
People try to contemplate SUD and how can we fix the problem? A lot of society's
answer for addressing SUD is to incarcerate individuals with SUD. Due to further research on
SUD society looking to rehabilitation rather than punishment (Wagner, & Sawyer 2018). There
are many new ways to help employees with an SUD such as EAP (employee assistant programs)
programs. Research over the years has tried to determine if having an SUD negatively effects job
performance and productivity, but what are we doing with the research and are we trying to find
a resolve for the issue if there is one present.
Literature review
Addiction/Substance Use Disorder
Few people understand what Substance Use Disorder/Addiction is. Addiction is a brain
disease(Keane, 2018). Symptoms of this disease are drugs and/or alcohol despite the negative
effects of using the substances. Many substances can result in an addiction, and many people do
not understand when the use of a mind- or mood-altering substance becomes problematic, which
occurs when the life of the person becomes unmanageable due to the negative consequences of
their substance use, yet they continue to use (Keane, 2018)
There is a difference between active addiction and recovery. Someone in active addiction
is using a substance such as drugs and/or alcohol and continues to use these substances even
though their life has become unmanageable and negatively affected by their drug and/or alcohol
�3
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
use. Someone in recovery from active addiction has not used a substance for several weeks,
months, or years and is working towards improving their life. Recovery is a broad term and
requires far greater work than ceasing use of the substance. Recovery entails working on
changing old addictive attitudes and behaviors as well as dealing with the negative consequences
of their former substance use (Keane, 2018).
Parts of an individual’s life affected by Substance Use Disorder are family, employment,
social interactions, hygiene, self-care, finances, legal issues, education, and simple everyday
tasks. Standard treatment for addiction/Substance Use Disorder are rehabilitation programs,
individual and group therapy, self-help groups, and medically assisted treatment combined with
therapy (Keane, 2018).
Using a substance recreationally and SUD are two very different situations. Using a
substance recreationally is only once in a while it is not every day and there is no physical and/or
mental dependence to the drugs. SUD has certain criteria that can be found in the DSM-5. The
criteria for an SUD are one hazardous use, social or interpersonal problems related to the use,
neglected major roles to use, withdrawal, tolerance, used larger amounts, used longer than
intended, repeated attempts to control or quit, much time spent using, physical or psychological
problems related to use, activities given up to use, and cravings (American Psychiatric
Association, 2017).
Job performance and productivity
Productivity is quality of work and quantity of work. Job performance consists of
attendance at work and tardiness, reliability and accountability, and turnover. If employees have
a good work ethic and their job performance meets company standards, then company profits
�4
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
and benefits. Job performance is important for employees to enable them to move up in a
company and for references for future job opportunities. Productivity is important for a business
to be profitably and successful.
Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is believed to impact productivity negatively. Individuals
with substance use disorder have 50% more absenteeism than other employees (Benham, 2017).
This absenteeism affects the employer because often the employer has to pay the replacement
employee overtime wages and also pay sick leave for the employee who has taken off due to
SUD (Benham, 2017). Types of absences related to substance use include arriving late, leaving
early, taking half a day at work, unreliability to follow one's work schedule along with
alcohol-related presenteeism which means coming into work impaired such as having a hangover
or being intoxicated (Buvik, 2018). SUD can result in absenteeism, accidents, as well as a slew
of other issues in the workplace, which in turn can damage the stability of the company (Elliott
& Shelley, 2006). In 2001 Atkinson indicated 14 million Americans using substances who are
employed are 3.6 times more likely to be involved in an accident and 5 times more likely to file
for workers’ compensation benefits (Elliott & Shelley, 2005). This has an effect on not only the
company as a whole but the coworkers too. Some researchers suggest there is not a relationship
between substance use and productivity, however, the research does not state whether or not
these individuals suffer from an SUD (Hickman, Finke, & Miller, 1990).
Workers who have SUD also have a higher turnover rate than other workers, however,
workers who are in recovery and treating their SUD are least likely to leave their employers.
(Benham, 2017). Workers who have been treated for SUD have a better job performance as well
as job productivity than those who have an untreated SUD. Workers who are in active addiction
�5
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
have shown to have multiple employers within a year. (Benham, 2017). The cost of replacing a
worker varies upon the job, and includes costs of recruitment, retraining a new person, and time
spent by the company to accomplish this (Benham, 2017).
Research has shown that individuals who have an SUD are usually addicted to more than
one substance, however, if alcohol is the primary substance, then they are less likely to be
addicted to and/or use another substance. (Benham, 2017). One of 10 American workers has
impaired productivity from substance abuse (Conry, 1991). Based on studies between 2000 and
2002 workers who have had intervention on behalf of an EAP (employee assistance program)
had a lower rate of recordable incidents at work than the general population group (Elliott, &
Shelley, 2005). The research suggests that there is no difference between the number of
incidents, which vary, between users and nonusers (Elliott, & Shelley, 2005). Further research
suggests employees with positive drug tests had a higher accident rate and post-treatment only
data suggests employees with positive drug tests had a substantial decrease in accidents after
treatment (Elliott, & Shelley, 2006).
Employees who have an SUD are more likely than employees in recovery and or the
general workforce to have anxiety and depression. (Benham, 2017). Anxiety and depression can
affect someone’s job performance as well as the severity of their SUD. Mental health comes into
play when SUD is involved and, in some cases, can be the cause of anxiety and depression.
SUD is classified as a mental health disorder according to the DSM-V.
When looking into further research inexperienced users are more likely to have issues at
work as well as those who need to increase their use due to tolerance (Frone, 2013). Frone looks
at a lot of studies that were conducted and compares results, however he concludes that there is a
�6
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
lack of accurate research due to the fact that individuals do not relatively self-disclose out of fear
of the stigma attached to using substances. It is not clear whether workers have an SUD or not in
these findings as well.
SUD can affect job performance in different ways. Employees with an SUD are more
likely to come to work under the influence of a substance therefore they are more likely to
perform job tasks (Lehman, & Simpson, 1992). Employees are less likely to attend or
concentrate on their job which could lead to daydreaming, putting less effort into job tasks, and
distracting other employees with conversations that are irrelevant to the job (Lehman, &
Simpson, 1992). Research suggests that another way SUD can affect productivity is that an
employee will spend work hours trying to mend a hangover and/or withdrawal symptom from
drug use (Lehman, & Simpson, 1992). Researchers believe that SUD is not the only factor that
affects productivity and job performance but is a significant variable (Lehman, & Simpson,
1992). In 2001 Atkinson indicated 14 million Americans using substances who are employed are
3.6 times more likely to be involved in an accident and 5 times more likely to file for workers’
compensation benefits (Elliott & Shelley, 2005).
A survey conducted of 300 nurses in the United States with an SUD had reported that
their SUD had a significant impact on their job performance and resulted in disciplinary action
(Sullivan, 1990). The employees reported obvious signs were lack of attendance, poor job
performance, example of these in the nursing field are illegible charting, numerous mistakes,
behaviors related to dispensing medications and increase in incidents, and frequent bathroom
breaks (Sullivan, 1990). The nurses also answered about their time in recovery after treatment
93% of the 300 nurses have reported that they regularly attend self-help groups and the average
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
time in recovery was 4.3 years (Sullivan, 1990). All of the nurses in this study were deemed
successful with their treatment after having disciplinary action.
There are many different ways for the individual to treat their SUD but employers also
have options to assist workers with an SUD. Some businesses offer intervention and treatment
with the possibility of further employment after treatment (Elliott, & Shelley, 2005). Research
suggests that for people living with an SUD effective treatment must involve both them and their
work (Milloy, 2019). For example, people can enroll in the C.H.I.P (Curb Heroin in Plants)
program, which was designed to create a change by addressing SUD with addressing work and
family life (Milloy, 2019). Research suggests that C.H.I.P is an effective method to look at
history and reevaluate employee assistant programs and where this program faltered (Milloy,
2019). This research goes into the C.H.I.P program further and tries to look into why the
program has failed and what changes could be made to increase the success rate of the future
programs(Milloy, 2019). C.H.I.P was meant to help with Medically Assisted Treatment along
with therapy for individuals with SUD. This program was desinged to assist employees who
were addicted to heroin who worked in plantations.
This thesis paper addresses the issues of Civic engagement and Civic professionalism
because of the 3rd United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal, which is Good Health and
Well-being as well as the 10th SDG which is Reduce Inequality. The communities affected by
my thesis subject are those with people who are suffering from a Substance Use Disorder who
have not received treatment, people who have received treatment, and employers. Based on
personal experience along with research conducted for this paper, it is evident to me that society
can be cruel especially, the people who are uneducated about SUD. Recovery is possible and it
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
goes hand-in-hand with goal number three (.i.e., Good Health and Well-being). Research has
proven that people in recovery have better job performance and productivity in the workplace
than people who are not in recovery have. Goal 4 Quality Education is also important because
people with SUD are strongly stigmatized. For example, I used to be extremely uneducated in
the field of addiction and I stigmatized people who I thought were alcoholics and/or drug addicts.
The needs of people who have an SUD are for people to have a better understanding of the
disease and to understand that recovery is extremely difficult to accomplish, especially because
addiction is frequently accompanied by mental health disorders (Drebing, Fleitas, Moore,
Krebs, Ormer, Penk, Rosenheck, 2002).
When I disclose my past to people, it gives people a bad impression of me as an
individual, but the person I was when I was using substances is not the person I am in recovery. I
am one of the fortunate ones to get past my active addiction and be in recovery for 2 plus years,
but not everyone is as fortunate as I am or has a support system like I do. I just hope that my
thesis topic and paper can change one person's mind about people in active addiction as well as
people in recovery. I would not be here in this class today if someone did not look past the
stigma attached to addiction and provided me with an opportunity to dramatically change my
life. Recovery does not just benefit the person who has the SUD, but it also benefits people in the
recoveree’s life whether it be family or employer. We need more people to look past the stigma
and try to help people who reach for recovery not try to push their hand away and beat them up
any more than they have beaten themselves.
Hypotheses
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Addiction to narcotics and/or alcohol has a negative effect on employees' job
performance and productivity.
Method
Subjects: Employees who have an addiction to narcotics and or alcohol.
Measures: Attendance, sick leave, and turnover of employees with and without a SUD.
Procedure: I used the Horroman Library search engine and used the interlibrary loan and
document delivery system. I selected the peer reviewed article option and used One Search. The
search terms I used to find the materials are the following: Substance Use Disorder; job
performance; productivity; addiction; substance abuse; drug use; and workplace. I went on to the
OASAS (Office of Addiction Services and Supports) and SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services) websites and retrieved a document from there.
Results
Addiction to narcotics and/or alcohol has a negative effect on employees' job
performance and productivity. Even though some of the data found showed no relation between
addiction and job performance and productivity most of the data has shown that it indeed does
affect it negatively. Unfortunately, there was less research found on people in active addiction
versus those in recovery from addiction and job performance and productivity.
There are significant data charts from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health for
the cost of employers for workers who have been treated for an SUD versus those who have not
(Benham, 2017). figure 1 shows the workforce participants in the survey, figure 2 shows the
employers per capita healthcare costs, table one shows the demographics of workers in figure 1,
table 2 shows the industries represented in the NDSUH (National Survey on Drug Use and
�10
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Health), table 3 are the rates of substance use disorders by industry, Table 4 show the workers in
recovery have the lowest turnover and absenteeism rates, table 5 shows the health care use of
people with specific substance use disorders to a specific substance, table 6 shows the correlation
between nicotine and behavioral health, table 7 shows the extra cost of missed work by industry,
table 8 shows the turn over costs by industry, table 9 showed the per capita costs to employers
for each untreated worker with an SUD, and table 10 shows employer costs avoided for each
worker in recovery. All these tables are important to understanding the cost of an employee with
an SUD in recovery, an employee in active addiction, versus the general population.
Discussion
Addiction/Substance Use Disorder
Importance of understanding the difference between active addiction vs recovery, why
would this be important. Someone who is in active addiction is not working on this in their life
that is falling apart along with working on themselves internally. If someone does not want to
change and go into a life of recovery. Knowing the difference is important because former drug
users can change their job performance and productivity. Based on the research and the data
provided, people in recovery have a better job performance and productivity than those in active
addiction.
The importance of understanding addiction, especially for employers, is important from
a social standpoint and will help employers and society as a whole address the disease with an
effective strategy rather than shunning an individual with SUD. Effect of addiction/ substance
use disorder on job performance and productivity. Let’s take a look at what parts of life addiction
effects for an individual suffering from SUD. According to DSM-V it effects every aspect of an
�11
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
individual’s life, personal, inter-personal, social aspects, legal issues, employment relationships,
financial, etc.
The importance of understanding the difference between a recreation user and someone
who is suffering from an SUD is important because there is a different way to address the
situations. Someone with an SUD has specific needs that someone who is a recreational user
does not have. Treatment is important for someone with an SUD it is the foundation of starting
the recovery process, whether it be self-help groups, medically assisted treatment coupled with
therapy or private therapy. It is vital for an individual’s recovery from SUD.
Job performance and productivity
Productivity is important for a company to be successful and productivity is different for
companies in different industries. The effect of poor job performance is wide spread amongst a
company. Poor job performance effects fellow coworkers as they have to pick up the slack and it
effects the employers in numerous ways as well. Turnover rates, overtime costs, and paid sick
leave are all outcomes of poor job performance as expressed in the research provided along with
many other things. Based on the research and the tables provided SUD has a significant effect on
job performance and productivity. There is a need for further research on the effects of job
performance and productive with regard to employees in active addiction versus those in
recovery.
Conclusions
Implications for practice
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Employers need to find a way to become educated on addiction. Lack of education about
SUD has always been a contributing factor to the stigma attached to SUD. The implications for
this research are to help show that addiction needs to be treated as more of a health issue rather
than believing people with an SUD are bad people. People with an SUD and in recovery are very
determined to change their lives and that includes their professional life. When people in
recovery have support in all aspects of their lives the success rate goes up tremendously. Based
on some of the research founded in during this search it has shown that individuals in recovery
do have better job performance.
It would benefit the employer to treat employees with an SUD rather than fire them. Many
individuals do not see people with an SUD as people until the issue hits closer to home. Not all
but some U.S. Businesses have realized the importance of intervention which is where the
employee assistance programs (EAP) come into play. (Elliott, K., & Shelley, K. 2005). There are
not enough employers practicing these things. How would you feel if it was your daughter, your
son, your brother, etc. who had an SUD? Would you help them succeed or would you turn your
back on this person? Unfortunately, due to the stigma attached to addiction it is extremely
difficult to ask for help or reach out for it.
Not only is this an important to have a protocol set in place to assist someone who has an
SUD rather than dismiss them, but due to the increasing drug epidemic in the United States it
would only make sense to have a protocol set in place. With the pandemic COVID-19 during the
Opioid Epidemic there is a sever concern for the rise of addiction. Not only addiction from
substances but other addictions may come in to play along with additional mental health issues.
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Have you ever thought of the repercussions of isolation? Human beings are meant to be social
beings.
There are laws set in place now that help people with SUD when it comes to employment.
People who suffer from an SUD normally have an arrest record. While on a job interview the
employer is not allowed to ask you if you have been arrested or incarcerated, however, upon
hiring they can run a background check so is it better to self-disclose? The problem with this is
due to the lack of education on active addiction as well as people in recovery this can be an
obstacle for individuals especially if they are working towards changing their lives and
participating in a life of recovery. Not only that it is hard to self-disclose with such a stigma
attached to drugs addiction and if you’re sitting there reading this and do not understand what I
mean by stigma let me ask you this one question: When I say drug addict or alcoholic what
picture comes to mind? There are so many different names attached to the word addict; junkie,
loser, failure, lowlife, trash, criminal, moral deficiency, and so on an so forth.
Companies should to be more progressive especially with the opioid epidemic and now the
COIVD-19 pandemic, employers need to start thinking about the possible wreckage that it will
leave behind not to mention a way to deal with the opioid epidemic. I cannot even express how
important it is for employers to implement mental health days and SUD falls into the category of
mental health. Drug testing in the work place should not be a tool used to dismiss people but to
hold employees accountable and then inform them that the company will help them receive
assistance for their SUD and it would be contingent on their future employment. Not to mention
that the data presented has shown that it is more cost effective for the company then letting
someone go from the company.
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Companies could work closely with the treatment facilities and therapist for individuals with
an SUD to make sure that they are at a level where they can return to work and be successful in
recovery. Recovery is about balancing every aspect of your life along with changing everything
you use to do in active addiction. Understanding can help the company and the employee
suffering from the SUD. SUD is not something that is fixed overnight it is a constant battle and
struggle long term treatment is essential for the success of someone suffering from an SUD and
for the success of the company as well.
Implications for research
There should to be more research based on people who are in active addiction versus
those who are in recovery compared to the general population. There was not enough research on
before recovery and after recovery during my search for research for this thesis. Doctors need to
be more educated as well to the prescribing of medication. I am in recovery for over two years
now and when I had gone to get my gallbladder removed I had expressed that I did not want any
narcotics and when I was in recovery they had administered narcotics because that was what the
doctor ordered and there was nothing else they could give me. Now for me this was not an issue
because I had worked on the major things I needed to work on with therapy and SUD treatment
but this is not the case for everyone.
Education is key for a lot of issues that need to be resolved when it comes to the issue of
SUD. Educating the younger generation for prevention as well as educating older generations to
reverse the stigma attached to an individual with SUD. Education is so important especially for
prevention right now. There needs to be research conducted for some type of analysis with
�15
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
companies and individuals who are educated in addiction versus those who are not educated on
SUD.
Another aspect that requires more research is the effects that the current pandemic has
had on individuals especially in the workforce. How have people been coping with the loss of
work? What about the essential workers? How are they coping with the devastation that some
have witness? Are they turning to unhealthy methods to cope with the traumatic experiences
from the pandemic? How are we helping as a society?
In conclusion, with all the research found supporting this thesis and then the research that
finds that there is no relation between SUD, poor job performance and productive there needs to
be more. With all the research and technology available there should be more. I was extremely
taken aback when I did not find more current research on SUD and job performance and
productivity. Especially with the Opioid epidemic to not have a significant amount of research
with this crisis going on is just a little unsettling. A lot of people are dying due to this epidemic
that is going on and most people decide to turn a blind eye or blame the family for the person
who suffered from an SUD. The worst comment that I have ever seen was someone state that one
less lowlife on the streets. The stigma attached to SUD makes individuals who suffer from an
SUD have a secret life it is a shameful thing according to society. There are so many different
addictions out there. Why is there such a stigma attached to SUD?
Especially with the opioid epidemic being so prevalent in today’s world I was surprised
at the lack of research on employees in recovery versus those in active addiction along with job
performance and productivity. Even with the changes to the Human Resource Administration,
People who are on public assistance and have an SUD are required to attend treatment and are
�16
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
required to attend their job readiness program along with a whole slew of requirements. It is
required to recertify after 90 days on Public assistance in New York and if they do not attempt to
get employment their public assistants are terminated unless the treatment center they attend
recommends more treatment. There is a data base for this why is it not being utilized in a study.
Society is attempting to work towards understanding and determining a more efficient way to
help people who suffer from an SUD but are any of these methods effective.
Data
FIGURE 1
�17
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Workforce participation.
(Benham, 2017)
FIGURE 2
Employers’ per capita health care costs. (Benham, 2017)
�18
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
TABLE 1
Demographics of Workers
Overall US Workforce Pain Med Use Disorder Any Substance Use Disorder
Male
53%
61%
67%
Married
54%
28%
33%
Between 18 and 34 years
34%
66%
55%
Family income below $20K 12%
24%
18%
(Benham, 2017)
TABLE 2
Industry Representation in the NDSUH
BLS 2014 (%) NSDUH (%) Number in NSDUH
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 1.4
1.4
1,254
Mining
0.6
0.6
605
Construction
4.1
7.5
15,357
Manufacturing
8.1
10.5
7,380
Utilities and transportation
3.5
5.0
3,032
Information
1.8
2.3
1,386
Wholesale trade
3.9
2.5
1,697
Retail trade
10.2
10.5
10,452
Financial activities
5.3
6.5
4,022
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Professional and business services
12.7
11.9
8,214
Educational services, health
14.3
22.3
17,294
Leisure and hospitality
9.8
9.3
11,125
Government, public administration
14
4.6
3,118
Other services
4.2
5.6
4,193
(Benham, 2017)
TABLE 3
Rates of Substance Use Disorders by Industry
Any
SUD
Alcohol Use
Disorder
Illicit Drug Use
Disorder
Pain Med and Opioid
Use Disorder
Marijuana Use
Disorder
Entertainment,
recreation, food
15.3
12.1
5.7
1.6
3.5
Construction
15.0
12.4
4.4
1.3
2.3
Wholesale, nondurable
10.6
9.4
2.4
0.7
1.2
Professional, mgmt.,
admin
10.3
8.6
2.7
0.9
1.6
Mining
10.3
9.6
1.0
1.0
0.1
Retail
9.8
7.9
3.3
0.9
2.1
Information,
communications
9.7
8.2
2.3
0.6
1.4
Finance, insurance real
estate
9.1
8.1
1.5
0.3
1.0
Wholesale, durable
8.7
8.1
1.3
0.4
0.9
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Other services except
publ. admin
8.7
7.1
2.5
1.0
1.6
Agriculture
8.6
7.5
1.7
0.4
1.2
Manufacturing, durable
8.4
7.5
1.5
0.8
0.6
Manufacturing,
nondurable
8.0
6.7
2.1
0.6
1.1
Transportation, utilities
7.5
6.6
1.7
0.6
0.9
Education, health, social
services
6.4
5.4
1.5
0.5
1.0
Public administration
5.7
5.0
0.9
0.5
0.5
Overall average all
industries
9.4
7.9
2.5
0.8
1.5
(Benham, 2017)
TABLE 4
Workers in Recovery Have the Lowest Turnover and Absenteeism Rates
General
Work
Force
Any
SUD
Alcohol
Use
Disorder
Illicit Drug
Use
Disorder
Pain Med
Use
Disorder
Marijuana
Use Disorder
In
Recovery
Missed work days
for injury, illness
past year
8.4
10.2
9.4
13.0
22.2
10.6
8.3
Missed work days
for other reasons
past year
2.1
4.7
4.7
5.4
6.8
4.8
1.2
Total missed work
days past year
10.5
14.8
14.1
18.4
29.0
15.4
9.5
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Worked for more
than one employer
in last year (%)
25
36
36
42
42
45
23
(Benham, 2017)
TABLE 5
Health Care Use is Highest for People with a Pain Medication Use Disorder
General
Work
Force
Any
SUD
Alcohol
Use
Disorder
Illicit Drug
Use
Disorder
Pain Med
Use
Disorder
Marijuana
Use Disorder
In
Recovery
Hospitalized
overnight last year
(%)
7.4
7.9
7.9
9.5
17.0
8.1
7.3
Hospital nights per
person last year
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.2
Emergency room
visits last year
0.4
0.6
0.5
1.0
2.0
0.8
0.4
Outpatient visits
last year
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.7
3.9
2.5
2.6
(Benham, 2017)
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
TABLE 6
Behavioral Health and Nicotine
General
Work Force
Any
SUD
Alcohol Use
Disorder
Illicit Drug
Use Disorder
Pain Med Use
Disorder
In
Recovery
Serious psychological
distress past year (%)
4
12
11
20
28
3
Anxiety disorder past
year (%)
5
11
11
14
20
6
Depression past year (%)
6
11
11
15
22
7
Percent cigarette use past 30 days use (%)
23
49
44
66
68
19
Percent nicotine
dependence past year (%)
12
25
22
47
48
10
(Benham, 2017).
TABLE 7
Extra Costs of Missed Work by Industry
Per Capita Annual
Extra Cost of a with
an SUD, $
Agriculture
Per Capita Annual Extra Cost for a
Worker with a Pain Medication
Use Disorder, $
Per Capita Annual Costs
Avoided for Each Worker in
Recovery ($)
$187
$1,668
$90
�23
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Mining
$881
$(764)
$422
Construction
$1,040
$455
$499
Manufacturing:
Durable goods
$1,399
$14,830
$671
Manufacturing
nondurable goods
$1,692
$1,677
$812
Transportation and
warehousing
$383
$3,125
$184
Information,
communications
$3,941
$27,173
$1,891
Wholesale durable
$(893)
$2,468
$(428)
Wholesale
nondurable
$886
$2,463
$425
Retail trade
$1,284
$225
$616
Finance, insurance,
real estate
$1,169
$2,373
$561
Professional, mgmt.,
admin
$2,604
$6,057
$1,250
Education, health,
social services
$887
$5,062
$425
Entertainment,
recreation, food
$795
$2,490
$381
Public administration
$1,406
$(162)
$674
Other services
$945
$2,417
$453
Open in a separate window
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Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Negative numbers are likely associated with small numbers of workers in some categories. Mining represents 0.6%
of the NSDUH employed respondents, so a small number of workers with an SUD in that sector with unusually high
or low absenteeism may skew responses. (Benham, 2017)
TABLE 8
Turnover Costs
Average
Sector
Turnover
rate (%)
Turnover
Rate for
Workers
with SUDs
(%)
Workers
in
Recovery
(%)
Per Capita
Turnover
Costa($)
Per Capita
Turnover
Cost if
Any SUD
Per Capita
Excess
Turnover
Cost if
SUD
Per Capita
Savings of
Worker in
Recovery
Agriculture
20
27
20
$1,535
$2,046
$512
$537
Mining
27
41
27
$5,044
$7,597
$2,553
$2,491
Construction
27
32
26
$4,440
$5,317
$877
$987
Manufacturing,
nondurable
19
32
19
$3,085
$5,052
$1,968
$2,074
Manufacturing,
durable
19
28
18
$2,601
$3,947
$1,347
$1,393
Transportation,
utilities
21
31
21
$2,871
$4,284
$1,413
$1,413
Information,
communications
24
43
23
$5,068
$9,137
$4,069
$4,140
Wholesale,
durable
21
34
21
$3,681
$5,924
$2,243
$2,301
Wholesale,
nondurable
20
26
21
$2,125
$2,682
$557
$488
Retail
26
39
26
$2,682
$4,075
$1,393
$1,393
Finance,
insurance real
estate
21
28
20
$3,974
$5,299
$1,325
$1,451
�25
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Professional,
mgmt., admin
25
32
25
$4,506
$5,767
$1,262
$1,322
Education,
health, social
services
25
36
25
$3,762
$5,417
$1,655
$1,655
Entertainment,
recreation, food
36
49
36
$3,167
$4,271
$1,104
$1,133
Public
administration
18
25
18
$2,759
$3,711
$953
$953
Other services
except publ.
admin
26
44
27
$3,490
$5,862
$2,372
$2,282
Open in a separate window
verage turnover, recruitment, replacement, and training costs estimated at 21.4% of annual salary. (Benham,
a
2017)
TABLE 9
Per Capita Costs to Employers for Each Untreated Worker with an SUD
Prevalence of SUD (%) Excess Cost for Each Employee With an SUD ($)
Agriculture
8.6
$2,689
Mining
10.3
$8,934
Construction
15.0
$6,813
Manufacturing, nondurable
8.0
$6,907
Manufacturing, durable
8.4
$6,096
Transportation, utilities
7.5
$5,123
Information, communications
9.7
$13,534
�26
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Wholesale, durable
7.4
$5,487
Wholesale, nondurable
10.6
$4,024
Retail
9.8
$5,815
Finance, insurance real estate
9.1
$6,925
Professional, mgmt., admin
10.3
$8,827
Education, health, social services
6.4
$6,760
Entertainment, recreation, food
15.3
$5,523
Public administration
5.7
$5,573
Other services except publ. admin 8.7
$7,264
Overall average
$6,643
9.4
(Benham, 2017)
TABLE 10
Employer Costs Avoided for Each Worker in Recovery
Industry Sector
Savings Per Worker in Recovery
Agriculture
$1,155
Mining
$3,890
Construction
$2,373
Manufacturing, nondurable
$3,823
Manufacturing, durable
$3,495
Transportation, utilities
$2,252
�27
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
Information, communications
$8,466
Wholesale, durable
$1,806
Wholesale, nondurable
$1,900
Retail
$3,134
Finance, insurance real estate
$2,950
Professional, mgmt., admin
$4,322
Education, health, social services
$2,998
Entertainment, recreation, food
$2,356
Public administration
$2,815
Other services except publ. admin $3,773
Overall average all occupations
(Benham, 2017)
$3,219
�28
Substance Use Disorder, Job Performance, and Productivity
References
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Your Workforce. PARADIGM (Targeted Publications Group, Inc), 21(3), 12–17.
Buvik, K., Moan, I. S., & Halkjelsvik, T. (2018). Alcohol-related absence and presenteeism: Beyond
productivity loss. International Journal of Drug Policy, 58, 71–77. doi:
10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.05.00
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association,
2017.
Drebing, C. E., Fleitas, R., Moore, A., Krebs, C., Ormer, A. V., Penk, W., … Rosenheck, R. (2002).
Patterns in Work Functioning and Vocational Rehabilitation Associated with Coexisting Psychiatric
and Substance Use Disorders. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 46(1), 5–13. doi:
10.1177/00343552020460010501
Elliott, K., & Shelley, K. (2005). Impact of employee assistance programs on substance abusers and
workplace safety. Journal of Employment Counseling, 42(3), 125–132. doi:
10.1002/j.2161-1920.2005.tb00906.x
Elliott, K., & Shelley, K. (2006). Effects of drugs and alcohol on behavior, job performance, and
workplace safety. Journal of Employment Counseling, 43(3), 130–134. doi:
10.1002/j.2161-1920.2006.tb00012.x
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Frone, M. R. (2013). Productivity outcomes: Organizational field research, cost-of-illness studies, and
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Behavioral Health, 25(1), 65–71. doi: 10.1080/15555240903358702
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Volume 11: drug testing in the workplace (Vol. 11). New York: Plenum Publishing Co.
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Workplace Heroin Addiction Created and Led by Detroit Autoworkers. American Journal of Public
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�
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Senior Presentations Archive
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This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
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Gavrity, Amanda
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5/1/2020
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Does active addiction affect performance and productivity in the workplace?
Description
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This analysis of research is to determine if Substance Use Disorder negatively effects job performance and productivity. With today’s rising opioid epidemic, we take a look into SUD and what it means to have an SUD, we take a look into the effects of SUD and look into research that looks into poor job performance and productivity and does SUD have any relationship to this. Based on data and research collect little research states that there is no correlation between having an SUD and poor job performance and productivity. Further analysis shows that there is a correlation but there needs to be more current research due to the current status of SUD in the United States. Research also shows that there is a need for more in depth research for this topic due to the opioid epidemic and COVID-19 pandemic to further analyze the effects that these two events have had on the work force when it comes to mental health specifically SUD. This thesis will take a look into addiction, job performance, and productivity and what impact one has on the other.
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Business (Management and Marketing)
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31 pages
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eng
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Business