3
12
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Text
Babies Born with Opioid Addiction in the North Shore of
Staten Island
Gentjana Poga WCSN, Suqi Tang WCSN, Gianna Caterina WCSN
Introduction
Proposed Solution
Problem in the Community
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Community Assessment and Analysis
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
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Poga, Gentjana<br />Tang, Suqi<br />Cateriana, Gianna
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Babies Born with Opioid Addiction in the North Shore of Staten Island
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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Educating Healthcare Employees Can Decrease the Amount of Health
Disparities Transgender Patients Experience in NYC
Kleo Phytides and Natalie Calcasola
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Wagner College
Introduction
• It is important for healthcare workers to become more aware
and to get to know their transgender patients better in order to
provide the best care possible and to avoid medical
discrimination.
• Many healthcare workers lack the knowledge of a transgender
client’s specific health needs, which in turn can lead to providing
poor care.
• Transgender patients in NYC face challenges everyday and
discrimination is one of them.
Community Assessment & Analysis
● According to the 2010 Census, there are 8,175,113 people living
within the New York City area. (16)
● About 3,882,544 of the total population identifies as male and
about 4,292,589 of the total population identifies as female. (16)
● From an economic standpoint, about 20 percent of New Yorkers
live in poverty. (11)
● Obesity is one health problem that is seen among residents in
New York City. About 24 percent of the population is obese.
● About 28 percent of the community population is diagnosed
with hypertension. (16)
● Eleven percent of residents have been diagnosed with Diabetes
in 2018 and about 25 percent of NYC residents have
hypercholesterolemia. (16)
● Twelve percent of adults living in NYC do not have health
insurance. (16)
● There are resources out there to help transgender patients find
the care they need. According to NYC Health, there is a list of
clinics in the city that work with trans adults and youth. Some of
these clinics contain sexual health care, hormone therapy,
HIV/STD testing, primary care, emergency post-exposure
prophylaxis (PEP), support groups, mental health, and even
surgical care. (11)
Problems in the Community
Solution
● A problem for transgender people in New York City is
the accessibility to a health care provider who is
knowledgeable about their specific needs and is
transgender-friendly.
● All healthcare workers in NYC should be sufficiently trained on how
to care for everyone, especially members of the LGBTQ+
population.
● Education for the proper treatment and care of transgender
populations should be included in hospital orientations upon
hiring.
● Many health care workers may not feel equipped to care for this
population and may neglect certain aspects of care.
“28% reported having to teach
their health care provider about
transgender health issues in the
past year” (14)
● Barriers to care for this population in New York City
also include cost of care and poor access to specialists.
● The community provides resources, such as cultural
competency education for health care providers. These
programs will help providers increase their knowledge
regarding transgender health care needs and will
encourage transgenders to seek their help.
● “1.4 million Americans identify as transgender and the
majority of them struggle to find doctors or insurance
policies that are supportive of transgender health
needs.” (5)
● In the United States, the National Center of
Transgender Equality released a survey in 2016
measuring the changes within the last five years. This
survey illuminated that “⅓ of those who saw a health
care provider in the past year, reported having at least
one negative experience related to being transgender.”
(5)
● Some procedures that facilitate the care of
transgender people, like gender confirming surgery or
hormone therapy, are not covered by insurance
companies.
● The main problem that is faced within this population
is the lack of education from the healthcare providers
on how to care for a transgender patient. A survey by
Lambda Legal reveals that “70% of transgender
respondents experienced serious discrimination and
73% believed they would be treated differently by
medical personnel because of their lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ) status.” (8)
● It would be beneficial to this population if healthcare
workers attended a seminar that educated them on
how to be culturally sensitive to this group.
● A solution would be to include competency seminars regarding
transgenders in hospital orientations in the New York City area for
all new employees. This seminar would include how to properly
greet and interact with the patient. This education will improve
care and comfort between the provider and their transgender
patient.
● This program should include a questionnaire dedicated to
transgender people. Questions that should be asked should
present how that patient feels when receiving care or what they
think would help make them feel more comfortable.
● The ultimate goal within NYC healthcare settings, there should be
an increase in patient satisfaction about the care that’s received.
This could be done by simply asking the patient to answer a
questionnaire about their visit.
Acknowledgements
1.
American Medical Student Association. (2019). Transgender Health. Retrieved from https://www.amsa.org/advocacy/action-committees/gender-sexuality/transgender-health/. Level V
2.
City Information, Services and Programs. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://a816-healthpsi.nyc.gov/epiquery/NYCHANES/index.html. Level V
3.
Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). (2010, October 5). American FactFinder - Results. Retrieved from
https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF. Level IV
1.
Fenway Health. (2019). USA Today Article Spotlights Transgender Health Discrepancies, Fenway’s Trans Health Program. Retrieved from
https://fenwayhealth.org/usa-today-article-spotlights-transgender-health-discrepancies-fenways-trans-health-program/. Level V
1.
Flores, A., Herman, J., Gates, G., Brown, T. (2016). How many adults identify as transgender in the United States. The Williams Institute. DOI:10.1111/jomf.12424. Level III
2.
Heydari, A., Khorashadizadeh, F. (2014). Pender’s health promotion model in research. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 64(9), 1067-74. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=25823190&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Level V
1.
James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender
Equality. Retrieved from https://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF. Level V
2.
Lambda Legal. (2014). Lambda Legal’s survey on discrimination against LGBT people and people living with HIV. When Health Care Isn’t Caring. Retrieved from
https://www.lambdalegal.org/sites/default/files/publications/downloads/whcic-report_wheN-health-care-isnt-caring.pdf. Level V
1.
Logie, C., Dias, L., Jenkinson, J., Newman, P., Mackenzie, R., Mothopeng, T., Madau, V., Ranotsi, A., Nhlengethwa, W., Baral, S. (2019). Exploring the potential of participatory
theatre to reduce stigma and promote health equity for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Swaziland and Lesotho. Health Education and Behavior, 46(1), 146-156.
DOI:10.1177/1090198118760682 journals.sagepub.com/home/heb. Level III
1.
National Center for Transgender Equality. (2019). U.S. transgender survey. Issues. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/issues/us-trans-survey. Level IV
2.
NYC. (2019). Resources for transgender and gender nonconforming people. NYC Health. Retrieved from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/health/health-topics/transgender-resources.page. Level V
3.
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General Format. Retrieved from https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html.
4.
Radix, A., Lelutiu-Weinberger, C., Gamarel, K. (2014). Satisfaction and healthcare utilization of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in NYC: a community-based participatory
study. LGBT Health, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0042. Level III
5.
Reisner, S., White, J., Dunham, E., Heflin, K., Begenyi, J., Cahill, S. (2014). Discrimination and health in Massachusetts: a statewide survey of transgender non-conforming adults. Fenway
Health. Retrieved from fenwayfocus.org/2014/07/the-fenway-institute-mtpc-release-project-voice-report-on-transGender-discrimination-in-public-accommodations. Level V
6.
Sanchez NF, Sanchez JP, & Danoff A. (2009). Health care utilization, barriers to care, and hormone usage among male-to-female transgender persons in New York City. American
Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 713–719. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.13203. Level III
1.
U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New York City, New York. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/newyorkcitynewyork/PST120218. Level IV
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Date Digital
2020
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Poster
Dublin Core
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2020-nursing-Phytides Calcasola
Creator
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Phytides, Kleo<br />Calcasola, Natalie
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5/1/2020
Title
A name given to the resource
Educating Healthcare Empolyees Can Decrease the Amount of Health Disparites Transgender Patients Eperince in NYC
Contributor
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
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text
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
-
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PDF Text
Text
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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Date Digital
2020
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Poster
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2020-nursing-Persico Polantnick Arnold
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Persico, Gianna<br />Polatnick, Danielle<br />Arnold, Katherine
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
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Improving Mental Health Resources in Staten Island For Young Adult Oncology Patients
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
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1 page
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eng
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Nursing
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PDF Text
Text
Interventions for Elementary
School-Aged Children with
Level One or Two Autism
Spectrum Disorder
Paulina Korzyk
�What is
Autism
Spectrum
Disorder?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a
developmental disorder that is persistent
throughout the course of one’s life (Yates
& Le Couteur, 2016).
Characteristics of ASD include
abnormalities in behaviors related to
social interaction and communication.
Some individuals with ASD may have
mild behavioral symptoms, while others
may experience more severe behavioral
symptoms.
2
�Is there a
cure for
ASD?
According to the CDC
(2019), there currently is no
“cure” for ASD.
However, there are several
forms of intervention used
to minimize certain
symptoms and behaviors of
individuals with ASD.
3
�Thesis
The aim of the present essay is to explore
forms of intervention and their effectiveness
in reducing negative behaviors of ASD for
elementary school-aged children diagnosed
with Level One or Level Two ASD. The
hypothesis of the present study is that peer
and interventions, play therapy interventions,
interventions utilizing electronics, music
therapy interventions, and art therapy
interventions are useful in improving certain
skills in elementary school-aged children with
ASD. Observations of a child with ASD are
included in this essay in order to support the
effectiveness of these forms of intervention.
4
�Peer
Interventions
Several studies have found that
peer interventions are helpful in
increasing social interaction in
children with ASD.
For example, Watkins et al. (2018)
investigated the use of peer
intervention to increase the social
interaction of children with ASD. The
authors found that there was an
increase in responses, initiations,
and interactive play for all of the
children.
5
�Art
Therapy
Art therapy has been shown to
improve certain skills of elementary
school aged children with ASD.
For example, D’Amico and Lalonde
(2017) explored how art therapy can
help with increasing the social skills of
children with ASD.
The authors reported that this form of
art therapy had a positive impact on
the social skills of the children. The
therapy reduced the symptoms of
inattention and hyperactivity of the
children as well.
6
�Music
Therapy
Evidence suggests that music therapy
is a promising intervention in improving
certain skills of children with ASD.
For example, Rose et al. (2018)
conducted a case study in which they
examined how learning a musical
instrument could benefit an eight-yearold boy with ASD, ADHD, sensory
processing difficulties, dyslexia, and
dyspraxia.
After one year of learning an
instrument, the boy’s scores for fluid
intelligence and motor skills had
increased.
7
�Play
Therapy
There is evidence suggesting that play
therapy may be useful in improving certain
skills of children with ASD.
For example, Nelson et al. (2017)
conducted a study examining the use of
play with play materials that are preferred,
dance activities, and a complex play
environment to improve the social and play
skills of children with ASD.
The results indicated that the strategies
utilized to improve the skills of social play,
specific social play, and play complexity
were useful in improving all three skills.
However, the children did not retain the
skills that they had learned.
8
�Therapy
Involving
The Use of
Electronics
Interventions through the use of electronics
have also been shown to improve certain
skills of children with ASD.
Chung (2019) examined how the use of
robots may be helpful in improving the
social skills of children with ASD. The
participants in the study included fourteen
children with ASD between the ages of nine
and eleven. The children participated in a
social skills program utilizing a humanoid
robot.
Chung (2019) reported that the program
increased the children’s frequency of
duration of eye contact and verbal initiation.
9
�Research
Question
The main research question of the
present essay is to examine the
effectiveness of various types of
interventions for elementary school-aged
children with level one or two symptoms
of ASD.
The hypothesis of the present essay is
that interventions such as peer therapy,
music therapy, art therapy, and therapy
utilizing electronics are effective forms of
intervention for children with Level One or
Two severities of ASD.
10
�Observations
The observations of the child with
ASD supported the hypothesis and
many of the ideas in the literature
review.
It was evident that the use of
electronics, the use of play, and the
use of peer interaction all had a
positive effect on improving certain
skills of the child.
11
�Implications
The present research may be beneficial for
parents and teachers in trying to figure out
which interventions may be most effective
for children with Level One or Level Two
ASD.
The present observations need further
research in order to draw conclusions.
Parents and teachers should conduct further
research on their own in order to see
whether play therapy, peer/parent initiated
therapy, music therapy, art therapy, therapy
utilizing electronics, or other forms of
therapy are most effective for their children.
12
�References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 23). Treatment and intervention services for autism spectrum
disorder. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/treatment.html
Chung, E. Y. (2019). Robotic intervention program for enhancement of social engagement among children with autism spectrum
disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 31, 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-018-9651-8
D'Amico, M., & Lalonde, C. (2017). The effectiveness of art therapy for teaching social skills to children with autism spectrum
disorder. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 34(4), 176–182. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/07421656.2017.1384678
Nelson, C., Paul, K., Johnston, S. S., & Kidder, J. E. (2017). Use of a creative dance intervention package to increase social
engagement and play complexity of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Education and Training in Autism and
Developmental Disabilities, 52(2), 170–185.
https://doi.org/jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26420388?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents
Rose, D., Jones Bartoli, A., & Heaton, P. (2018). Learning a musical instrument can benefit a child with special educational needs.
Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 28(2), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000209
Watkins, L., O'Reilly, M., Kuhn, M., & Ledbetter-Cho, K. (2018). An interest-based intervention package to increase peer social
interaction in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 52(1), 132–149.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.514
Yates, K., & Le Couteur, A. (2016). Diagnosing autism/autism spectrum disorders. Symposium: Psychiatry, 26(12), 513–518.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2016.08.004
13
�
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Interventions for Elementary School-Aged Children with Level One or Two Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes in the Hispanic Population in the South Bronx
Alma Purisic WCSN, Sammi Ruan WCSN, Paula Povzlov WCSN
Wagner College Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Community Assessment and Analysis
Proposed Solution
❏ 72.3% of South Bronx’s population are of Hispanic/Latino
origin. 3
❏ Our program is based in the South Bronx.
❏ Our program #DiabetesWontStopUs consists of a moving
van that would park at the local town square on the
weekend at various times and promote education to the
community members on dietary, exercise, and early
screening for diabetes.
❏ The median household income is roughly about $21,737.3
❏ There has been an increase in the number of families that
rely on food stamp/SNAP benefits. In 2006, about 45.5%
relied on food stamps, but in 2014, it increased to 53.4%. 3
❑ Education is one of the most effective treatment plans
available to the public at no cost.
❏ 31.0% have incomes below the poverty threshold. 3
❏ In Mott Haven and Melrose, it is estimated that 46% of
deaths could have been averted. 4
❑ Our program will host a healthy plate class, in which recipes
for healthy meal plans will be provided to the community.
❏ 33% of adults are obese, which increases their probability of
diabetes and heart disease. 4
4
❑ The healthy plate class will also emphasize the importance
of how much you should eat, what you should and shouldn’t
eat.
❏ There is an increase in avoidable hospitalizations, such as
asthma exacerbations, poorly controlled diabetes, and
uncontrolled hypertension. 4
❑ Education on healthier alternatives:
○ Fruits are a better choice to eat however, it is important
to not eat too much fruit because they contain large
amounts of glucose.
❏ The general life expectancy for these residents is 76 years. 4
❏ Lincoln Hospital provides a diabetes prevention program,
with a bilingual curriculum, which is aimed at preventing
the disease and education on self-management skills to
avoid complications. 4
❑ Education on the importance of moderation.
❑ We would apply for a grants from the city to have our
program covered.
❏ This program has created a Diabetes Education Advisory
Board, which is comprised of a multidisciplinary group of
health care professionals, administrators, community
members and patients. 5
❏ The main goals of this program are to promote healthy food
choices, increasing exercise, effective use of medications,
preventing avoidable hospitalizations, and maintaining
follow-up appointments to control their disease. 5
Problem in the Community
❏ With a global outlook, according to Healthy People (2030),
diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United
States, affecting more than 30 million Americans.7
4
Introduction
❏ With a local outlook within the NYC boroughs, studies have
shown that the South Bronx has the highest population of
adult diabetics compared to the other boroughs, affecting
upward of 30% of South Bronx residents.8
❏ Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is generally defined as a condition in
which one’s blood sugar level is too high. The high blood
sugar can be attributed to either the body not producing
enough insulin (DM Type 1) or the body is not utilizing
insulin as well as it should (DM Type 2). 1
❏ Some complications that can occur from uncontrolled
diabetes include: diabetic retinopathy (eye damage),
diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage), diabetic neuropathy
(nerve damage), heart disease, stroke, digestion problems,
erectile dysfunction, skin problems, infection, and dental
problems. 2
4
❏ The Hispanic population, a minority population, makes up
17% of those diagnosed with diabetes compared to other
New Yorkers at 10% and having diabetes as the 4th leading
cause of death.9
4
❏ In a study of 1000 residents in South Bronx public housing,
only 30% knew that they had diabetes and another 33%
were at high risk. In addition, 25% of this population suffered
from obesity and had a persistent lack of exercise and
unhealthy food choices.8
❏ Hispanics in NYC have a higher rate of obesity at 29%
compared to other New Yorkers at 20%.6 With diets high in
fat and calories coupled with a high rate of obesity,
Hispanics are at a higher risk for developing diabetes.10
❏ In Mott Haven, 23% of adults have no health insurance,
increasing the rate of preventable hospitalizations. 4
❏ Adults in Mott Haven are more likely to consume more
sugary drinks, eat fewer fruits and vegetables, and less
physical activity, which can increase their probability of
diabetes. 4
❏ More than half of Hispanics in NYC live below the poverty
line compared to one-third of Non-Hispanics, and they have
lower rates of employment, less education, and less access
to healthcare.9
❏ Lack of access to healthcare, screening, prevention, early
intervention, and education deprives the Hispanic
population of receiving the appropriate care they need in
preventing and controlling diabetes.
4
❑ #DiabetesWontStopUs program is based on Dorthea Orem,
a nursing theorist, believed that people are naturally able to
care for themselves and nurses should increase emphasis
on that ability.
❑ Part of self-care includes:
○ Eating healthy,living an active lifestyle, and receiving
check-ups from health care facilities.
❏ Those three components are major issues from South Bronx
location
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What is diabetes? [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; 2020 [cited 2021Apr21]. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html (Level 5)
10 Known Diabetes Complications [Internet]. WebMD. WebMD; [cited 2021Apr21]. Available
from: https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/diabetes-complications (Level 5)
NYC Planning Population FactFinder [Internet]. NYC Population FactFinder. 2020 [cited
2021Mar31]. Available from:
https://popfactfinder.planning.nyc.gov/profile/1057/demographic?mode=change. (Level 5)
PDF. Bronx : New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene ; 2015.
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2015chp-bx1.pdf. (Level 5)
PDF. Bronx: NYC Health and Hospitals; 2013.
https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/lincoln/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2016/08/pres.
(Level 5)
The Real Deal. 2015 [cited 2021Mar30]. Available from:
https://s14.therealdeal.com/trd/up/2015/04/Screen-Shot-2015-03-31-at-4.24.28-PM289x300.png
Diabetes [Internet]. Diabetes - Healthy People 2030. [cited 2021Mar31]. Available from:
https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/diabetes (Level 4)
Morrow R, Ferretti L, Norwood C, Reich D, Chito-Childs E, McCallion P, et al. Improving the
Reach of the National Diabetes Prevention Program Within a Health Disparities
Population: A Bronx New York Pilot Project Crossing Health- and Community-Based
Sectors. Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions. 2016;36(4):300–6. (Level
4)
Greer S, Naidoo M, Hinterland K, Archer A, Gould LH, Crossa A, et al. Health of Latinos in
New York City [Internet]. NYC Health. 2017 [cited 2021Mar30]. Available from:
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/2017-latino-health.pdf (Level 5)
Hispanic/Latino Americans and Type 2 Diabetes [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019 [cited 2021Mar31]. Available
from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/library/features/hispanic-diabetes.html (Level 5)
�
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Senior Presentations Archive
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This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
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Paula Povzlov
Alma Purisic
Sammi Ruan
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Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes in the Hispanic Population in the South Bronx
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Lorrie DeSena/Josephine Marcantonio
Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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Nursing
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fe09d8924a777bdc3e03a1221a498ddf
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Evelin Caballero Omana
Accounting for Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms
When the topic of machine intelligence first arose, there were many debates that followed on the
possibility of such a thing and whether humans are morally allowed to create intelligence. There were
always moral and philosophical questions involved in machine learning. These discussions were had back
in the 1950s and those days are long gone. Now the rate at which technology is developing is tremendous.
At this point in time, machine learning is so integrated into our lives that it is easy to miss at
times. Machine learning is used by businesses and governments alike. It is present when you are
recommended the next video to watch on YouTube, it is present when you are shopping on Amazon and
products are recommended to you, it is present when your photos are grouped together based on the facial
recognition of the people in the photo, and it is present while people are searching for the best traffic
route. It is used for identifying medical conditions, for transcribing audio to text in voicemails, and even
in online translations.
Now the focus is on self-driving cars, on the next biggest thing, in how we can take technology
farther. Machine learning allows for improvements in businesses, healthcare, and in the quality of life.
However, with how integrated machine learning and AI has become in our lives there are some questions
we must ask. We must identify the downfalls of this technology so that we can be able to improve it. The
people working on this technology are thinking of how to advance technologically, they are thinking of
the formulas and the science behind this. But are they asking the ethical questions? Are they making sure
that training data for software is inclusive and accurate? Are the companies and law systems that
implement these technologies aware of what exactly it is that they are using? By analyzing the origins of
machine learning, understanding machine learning and the way it functions, and looking at potential
issues and examples of bias, we can begin to understand the complete picture of why it is that bias can be
present in machine learning algorithms and why this bias has significant effects.
�
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Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
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2020-computer science-Omana
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Omana, Evelin Caballero
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5/1/2020
Title
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Accounting for Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms
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Mathematics
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text
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eng
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Mathematics
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fc239fc6f47d9cb7b80946a358b65f51
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Text
“Listen-Grab-Go” When Volcano Kīlauea Erupts in Southern Hawaii
Olivia Barone WCSN, Sara Nesimi WCSN, Etnada Poga WCSN
Wagner College Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
Abstract
● A volcanic eruption is dangerous to any community and can affect the health of the population who lives
near an active volcano. Unfortunately, no one can stop a natural disaster. However, the potentially affected
communities can prepare for one. 1 The CDC states several health problems associated with volcanic
eruptions. In early May 2018, Volcano Kīlauea erupted which caused the southern part of Hawaii to be
destroyed and left the population to have health injuries related to the volcanic eruption. 2 From May
through August, Volcano Kīlauea was erupting causing large lava flows to cover parts of the island and
destroyed the community. 3 Kīlauea is the youngest and most active volcano on the Island of Hawaii. The
proposal for the research study analyzes the health effects caused by the 2018 Volcanic Kīlauea eruption in
Southern Hawaii. Will having an emergency preparedness plan minimize health problems associated with
volcanic eruptions in adults who live in Southern Hawaii?
Community
● The
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
community this research study is going to focus on is Southern Hawaii. The largest ethnic group, in
2018, was the Asian and Pacific Islander (non-Hispanic) groups. 4
In Hawaii, the fastest age group to increase was the age group 65 and older. From 1998 to 2018, this
population increased by 68%. The age group that declined the most was the age group of 35 to 49. This
age group dropped 6.3% from 1998 to 2018. 4
In 2020, the patient-to-primary care physician ratio is 1,387 to 1. A total of $7,299 is spent on personal
health care in Hawaii. The health care coverage in Hawaii is as follows: 4.89% are uninsured, 51.8% are
employer coverage, 16.4% have Medicaid, 15.8% have Medicare, 10.4% are non-group and 0.775% are
military or VA. 5
The median household income in Kauai, Hawaii has an annual income of $82,818. The United States
median annual income is $64,994. Hawaii median annual income is more than the national average. 5
In Hawaii, 36.4k is employed by an occupation. In Kauai County, the most common job groups are Sales
and Related Occupations, Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations. 5
The lowest number of employees Hawaii has are in Architecture and Engineering Occupations, Life,
Physical, and Social Science, Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations, Computer Mathematical
Occupations, and Legal Occupations. 5
The leading cause of death in Hawaii are heart disease, cancer, and strokes. Furthermore, pneumonia had
637 deaths. 5 Hawaii promotes blood pressure screening, education and management to the at- risk
population. 6
Around 3,000 people lost their jobs as a result of the eruption in 2018. Farms reported a loss of more than
$27,000,000 in assets and potential future sales. Over 12 months, the island lost out on upward of
415,000,000 in tourism losses. 7
Problem
● The high temperatures of the gasses and entrained
particles causes burns to be the most prevalent health
problem in Southern Hawaii when volcanic eruptions
happen. 8
● Burns are the deadliest skin injury during an episode
of volcano eruption “due to the unpredictable spread
of the lava, volcanic gasses, and ashfall” 9
● In 2010, the eruption of Mount Merapi in Indonesia
caused, “45% of patients to experience 40-79% total
body surface range, while 35 (3%) patients suffered
over 80% TBSA burn… and of those only one patient
survived” 10
● Burns not only affect the skin but it affects the eyes
and respiratory system as well due to inhalation of
gasses emitted by the volcanic eruption.
● Mount St. Helens eruption that occurred in
Washington, United States, revealed that high
temperature gasses and entrained particles that cause
burns also caused “a rise in ED visits due to
conjunctivitis” after the eruption happened 8
● After the eruption of Volcano Kīlauea, there was an
increase in symptoms of cough, phlegm, chest
tightness, and dyspnea 8
● Hawaii eruptions were studied and it was found that
post-eruption, “non-specific lung irritations were
increased by 46% and asthma attacks by 4%” within
the community 8
● The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, “50% of
adults and all children examined who had previously
been diagnosed with asthma reported an acute
exacerbation within 2 months following the eruption”
12
● According to the CDC, Hawaii ranks first in the
United States for pneumonia deaths.
Proposed Solution
HOW WILL OUR SOLUTION WORK
● The proposed solution is a three day program called “Listen, Grab, Go”
● The community of Southern Hawaii needs to adopt an emergency preparedness plan to reduce
their risk of skin, ocular, and respiratory problems. Emergency preparedness will help prevent
major health problems as previously seen with volcanic eruptions by eliminating human
exposure to the risk factors. This solution differs from what is currently in place because it is
more detailed and focused towards volcanic emergency preparedness. The solution will be
funded by FEMA.
● Many studies show that programs involving emergency preparedness reduce the risk of injuries
and death. 14
● According to theorist Callista Roy, humans are viewed as biopsychosocial adaptive systems that
cope with environmental change through the process of adaptation, and this development theory
supports emergency preparedness because residents of Hawaii must adapt to their environment
and volcanos through preparing adequately. 15
● “Listen, Grab, Go”
○ Day 1: The first day will entail how to “Listen” for a volcano warning. Listening to an
evacuation route or evacuation shelter is essential to not be near the volcanic eruption to
reduce health problems. If there is a volcano warning, residents will “Listen for emergency
information and alerts. Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If advised to evacuate, do so
early” 16
○ Day 2: The second day of the program will focus on “Grab.” While living in Southern
Hawaii, it is essential to have a grab-and-go bag already packed which will have everything
needed in case of a rapid evacuation. The participants of this program will pack an
emergency preparedness go bag. The bag will be individualized to suit everyone's personal
needs. the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency recommends a fourteen-day supply of
the basics of water, food, battery operated radio, a whistle, hygiene and cleanliness, and
medication. 17
○ Day 3: During the third day of the program, participants will be informed on the “Go”; when
to “go” evacuate, and when to “go” back home. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security
has implemented precautions when returning home after a volcanic eruption to minimize the
health problems associated with the aftermath of volcanic eruptions. 16
OBJECTIVES
● Participants will be able to identify ways to listen for a volcanic eruption warning after the first
day of the program.
● Participants will pack a go-bag which will include essentials that will be needed in case of an
emergency evacuation and will be individualized to fit their personal needs after the second day
of the program
● Participants will teach back safety precautions taken when returning home after a volcanic
eruption after the third day of the program.
GOALS
● The goals of our program, once achieved, will bring down the rates of skin, ocular, and
respiratory problems in Southern Hawaii creating a healthy, emergency preparedness
community.
● “Listen, Grab, Go” will ultimately ensure safety for the residents of Southern Hawaii. This
program will be directed at preparing the residents for an emergency eruption by evacuating
which will ultimately reduce direct exposure to the harms associated with volcanic eruptions.
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, January 25). Key facts about volcanic eruptions. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/volcanoes/facts.html#print
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
National Park Services. (2021, June 7). 2018 Eruption and Summit Collapse. Hawaii Volcanoes. https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/nature/2018eruption.htm#:~:text=In%202018%2C%20a%20new%20eruption,areas%20in%20the%20Puna%20District
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. (n.d.). Active volcanoes of Hawaii. USGS. https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/active-volcanoeshawaii#:~:text=K%C4%ABlauea%2C%20the%20youngest%20and%20most,the%20volcano's%20East%20Rift%20Zone.
USA Facts. (2022, July). Our changing population: Hawaii County. Hawaii. USAFACTS.https://usafacts.org/data/topics/people-society/population-and-demographics/our-changingpopulation/state/hawaii/county/hawaii-county?endDate=2018-01-01&startDate=1998-01-01
Data USA. (n.d.). Kauai County, HI. DATAUSA. Kauai County, HI | Data USA
State of Hawaii, Department of Health. (2023). Heart Disease and Stroke Program. Chronic Disease management. https://health.hawaii.gov/heart-disease-stroke/
Institute for Sustainable Development. (2020, December). 2018 Kīlauea disaster economic recovery plan. Hawaiicounty.gov.
https://recovery.hawaiicounty.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/302779/637426801061170000
Beylin, D., Mantal, O., Haik, J., Kornhaber, R., Cleary, M., Neil, A., & Harats, M. (2022). Soft tissue-related injuries sustained following volcanic eruptions: An integrative review. Burns, 48(7), 1727–
1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2021.09.008
Meredith, E. S., Jenkins, S. F., Hayes, J. L., Deligne, N. I., Lallemant, D., Patrick, M., & Neal, C. (2022). Damage assessment for the 2018 lower East Rift Zone lava flows of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaiʻi.
Bulletin of Volcanology, 84(7), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01568-2
Baxter, P. J., Jenkins, S., Seswandhana, R., Komorowski, J.-C., Dunn, K., Purser, D., Voight, B., & Shelley, I. (2017). Human survival in volcanic eruptions: Thermal injuries in pyroclastic surges, their
causes, prognosis and emergency management. Burns, 43(5), 1051–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2017.01.025
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018, April 13). Stats of the State of Hawaii. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved March 28, 2023, from
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/states/hawaii/hawaii.htm
Carlsen, H. K., Gislason, T., Benediktsdottir, B., Kolbeinsson, T. B., Hauksdottir, A., Thorsteinsson, T., & Briem, H. (2012). A survey of early health effects of the Eyjafjallajokull 2010 eruption in Iceland:
a population-based study. BMJ open, 2(2), e000343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000343
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2021). Developing and maintaining emergency operations plans. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_cpg-101-v3-developing-maintainingeops.pdf
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2021). Developing and maintaining emergency operations plans. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_cpg-101-v3-developing-maintainingeops.pdf
Roy, C., & Andrews, H. (2009). The Roy Adaptation Model. (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
U.S Department of Homeland Security. (2022). Volcanoes. Ready.gov. https://www.ready.gov/volcanoes
Hawaii Emergency Management Agency. (2022). Preparedness information. Ehawaii.gov https://dod.hawaii.gov/hiema/public-resources/preparedness-information/
�
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Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2023
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text
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2023_Nursing_Group10 Barone Nesimi Poga
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Olivia Barone, Sara Nesimi, Etnada Poga
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5/1/2023
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"Listen-Grab-Go" When Volcano Kilauea Erupts in Southern Hawaii
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Lorrie DeSena
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Text
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Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
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2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2020
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2020-nursing-Nwobu Correia Shibla
Creator
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Nwobu, Ijeoma<br />Correia, Marisa<br />Shibla, Sarah
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
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The Prevalence and Development of Mental Illness in the New York State Population
Contributor
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Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing
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text
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eng
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Nursing
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3e4abc9a97a7ea02025d1b118f8890d0
PDF Text
Text
Seunghyun (Stewart) Noh
Professor Adrian Ionescu
CS400-Senior RFT
Data Mining and Its Security
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Provides info. based on previous purchases to project those who will respond to the
novel advertising operations like direct mail, online marketing, among others. (Sellers
can vend lucrative merchandise to targeted consumers). Retailers collect vast volumes
of data through years and predict the product sales trends, habits of customer purchase
and their preferences.
Provides relevant statistics about loans and reporting of credit. This will help banks to
identify fake credit card dealings and safeguard credit card owners.
Provides analytics to improve health care and reduce costs, guarantee patients get
proper care at the correct time and appropriate place, processes are developed with
supporting evidence.
Provides business/market owner to scope customers’ purchasing behaviour.
Provides discerning information from the available facts in the learning setting and
can help to predict students’ future learning behaviour.
Provides discerning the arrays in the multifaceted manufacturing process. Can be used
to generate the relationship between product design, product assortment, and
consumer necessities.
Provides campaigns to understand their product and service consumers. Also, the
relationship between the retailers and customers in built, and customers retained
through customer relationship management.
Provides ease on the process of fraud recognition from being cumbersome and
time-consuming.
Provides averting intrusion including user verification, circumventing programming
blunders, and information fortification.
Provides the law enforcers to identify criminal suspects, and customize data
excavating skills to probe crimes, observe communication among the suspects.
Provides help to segment customers in the preference of their needs.
Provides analyzing financial transactions as to pick out patterns on money laundering.
Help business owners to use information to modify their products as per the
consumer’s desires.
Provides researchers to accelerate the process of analyzing the data, cleaning data,
pre-processing, and integration of databases.
Provides extracting useful knowledge from massive bioinformatics databases and
other associated life-science areas.
Provides all sorts of information regarding the response of a consumer and in defining
consumer groups.
Provides evidence about selling promoted products online and ultimately reduce the
charges of the product and its services.
Cons
1. Requires advance skilled specialists since they are the only person who is able to
understand the different arrays and associations whose pattern connotation and the
user must make valid.
2. Often infringes on the confidentiality of the user and it puts at risk the user’s secretive
information which is very critical nowadays.
�3. Lack sufficient security systems to protect enormous amount of information about
people online that most companies collected through their emails and google search.
Which will open a window for hackers.
4. Some data based on previous purchase on big consumers like companies could cause
enterprises to be used against others.
5. During the data collection, a lot of irrelevant information may be obtained and this
will cause overwhelming and time-consuming for the amount of data.
6. The technology and tools required in data mining and result interpretation consume
many resources and this will be a great cost at the implementation stage.
7. Perfection of the data mining process is yet to be developed and this will cause
possible inaccuracy of data and bad outcome from the decision-making process.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
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Date Digital
2020
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Abstract
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2020-computer science-Noh
Creator
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Noh, Seunghyun (Stewart)
Date
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5/1/2020
Title
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Data Mining and Its Security
Contributor
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Professor Adrian Ionescu
Computer Science
Type
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text
Format
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application/pdf
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2 pages
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eng
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Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Computer Science
-
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PDF Text
Text
Modern Society’s Effects On Obesity in Children and Adolescents On the North Shore of Staten Island
Chelsea Kennedy WCSN, Nicolette Portaro WCSN, Kaitlyn Rosatelli WCSN
The Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing at Wagner College
Introduction
● The youth of the North Shore community are
gaining weight due to easy access to fast and
unhealthy food, staying home more, and less
physical activity.
● About 15% of persons live in poverty (2),
making the opportunity to eat healthy and
sustainable foods difficult.
● This problem has a major effect on the
community because an increased rate of obesity
in children can lead to higher rates of obesity,
heart disease, diabetes, and other chronic
diseases in adults.
North Shore
Community Assessment and Analysis
Problem
● Total population 175,000. (1)
● The average household income is $73,000. (1)
● The North Shore has the highest rates of Diabetes, COPD,
Asthma, heart failure and cardiac issues on Staten Island. (4)
● Health Resources for youth on SI: 10 Urgent Care centers,
NYC DOE, The Staten Island Child Wellness Initiative
(SICWI), DASH-NY and Action for Healthy Kids.
● The root of the problem stems from the strict stay-at-home orders imposed
in reaction to the Coronavirus global pandemic. Schools closed and
children lost the safety net of access to nutritious food, a safe place to be,
and mandatory physical activity as well as their social networks and
familiar routines.
● Widespread job loss resulting in higher rates of household food insecurity
may lead to lower consumption of fruits and vegetables and higher
consumption of processed foods and beverages. Understanding how
pandemic mitigation approaches affect child health behaviors including
physical activity, screen time, sleep and diet as well as the impact on
household food insecurity is critical to creating policies that protect the
community while doing the least harm to children.
● Cancellation of extracurricular activities and sporting events added to the
lack of physical exercise among any given population.
Proposed Solution
● Encouraging an overall healthy weight, a wholesome relationship
with food, and understanding of consistent exercise through innovative
wellness programs, such as the following:
● Comprehensive weight management program options can be
incorporated systematically (like in schools - based on target
audience), and technologically (in interactive apps and websites
tailored for youth). Although technology can support sedentary
lifestyle, it is also a great outlet for exercise promotion. Technology
like apps, websites, and telemedicine provide easy access to treatment
and exercise programs. (3)
● Physical education classes, mental health counseling, and nutrition
classes should be incorporated into school curriculums at an early age.
● Public officials and schools will bring more attention to resources
that are already available in the community, like The Staten Island
Child Wellness Initiative (SICWI), DASH-NY, and Action for Healthy
Kids.
Apps for food education and exercise programs:
MyFitnessPal
Fooducate
Sworkit Kids Apple Fitness
References
1. Census profile: NYC-staten island community district 1--port richmond, Stapleton & Mariner's Harbor Puma,
NY [Internet]. Census Reporter. [cited 2022Mar28]. Available from:
http://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3603903-nyc-staten-island-community-district-1-port-richmondstapleton-mariners-harbor-puma-ny/ Level VII
2. NYC Community District Profiles [Internet]. NYC Planning. [cited 2022Mar28]. Available from:
https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/staten-island/1 Level VII
3. Tripicchio GL, Ammerman AS, Neshteruk C, Faith MS, Dean K, Befort C, et al. Technology components as
adjuncts to family-based pediatric obesity treatment in low-income minority youth [Internet]. Childhood obesity
(Print). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.; 2017 [cited 2022Mar30]. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913110/ Level III
4. Northwell Health 2019 Community health needs assessment [Internet]. [cited 2022Apr20]. Available from:
https://www.northwell.edu/sites/northwell.edu/files/2020-02/RICHMOND-CHNA.pdf Level IV
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Senior Presentations Archive
Description
An account of the resource
This archive contains materials from Wagner’s annual ‘Senior Presentations.’ This event honors outstanding students from each discipline who completed their Senior Learning Community project with excellence. The work is representative of Wagner’s highest standards, and is exemplary of the diversity of subject matter, public-facing scholarship, and civic-minded professionalism our students have attained through their four years here. These students were specially invited to present their work in a formal setting, traditionally the day of Baccalaureate. Students are encouraged to present their work in a format appropriate for their discipline, and so, the presentations vary in their format. Some might be in the form of a short video, or paper abstracts, while others might be posters or music clips. We expect this archive to serve as a resource for generations to come. Congratulations to our Seniors!
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2017 -
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Document
A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text.
Date Digital
2022
Original Format
If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Poster
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
2022_Nursing_Group6 Portaro Rosatelli Kennedy
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Nicolette Portaro
Kaitlyn Rosatelli
Chelsea Kennedy
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5/1/2022
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Doris Korona/Tinamarie Petrizzo-Hughes
Nursing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
text
Format
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application/pdf
Extent
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1 page
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eng
Rights
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U.S. and international copyright laws may protect this work. It is provided by Wagner College for scholarly or research purposes only. Commercial use or distribution is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder.
Rights Holder
A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource.
Wagner College, Staten Island, NY
Title
A name given to the resource
Modern Society’s Effects On Obesity in Children and Adolescents On the North Shore of Staten Island
-
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PDF Text
Text
Substance Abuse of Young Adults in the
South Shore of Staten Island
Dominique Scherma WCSN, Joseph Pallarino WCSN, Nicole Mastrangelo WCSN
The Evelyn L. Spiro School of Nursing Wagner College
COMMUNITY ASSESSMENT
& ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
• A major issue with drug
addiction within the community
begins with
prescription painkillers. The
prescription painkiller abuse
rates are not as high as the rest
of the country except on Staten
Island. (1)
• This is a major concern within
the young adult age group. This
can then lead to a life-or-death
situation - overdose, which may
possibly follow the drug
addictive behavior.
PROBLEM
• According to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and the Department of
Justice, drug overdoses have
become the leading cause of
death for Americans under the
age of 50 (1). The question is
how do we minimize the
increased rate of overdoses in
the South Shore of Staten
Island and reduce the addiction
rate in young adults?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Demographics
82.9% white
1.1% African Americans
10.2% Latinos
4.5% Asian
1.0% two or more races (2)
•
11% live in poverty with an unemployment rate of
6%
The average income $92,000-$111,000
Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension affects this
community as well (2)
•
•
• There has been a total of
64,260 overdoses across the nation in
2019, averaging approximately 1,285. NYC
alone has 1,475 cases of documented
overdoses in 2019. (1)
• Tacking Youth Substance Abuse (TYSA) was a
resource in the community
• The government cut funding. (2)
• There are high hopes that the app OneStep will
have the same effects as (TYSA) in preventing drug
addiction.
PROPOSED SOLUTION
'ONE STEP’
• Free App
• Questionnaire to tailor to
individual needs
• Interactive
• Easily accessible
• Prompts participation
• Trigger warning system
• Positive reinforcement
• Not just for addicts but for
anyone
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1. Products - vital statistics rapid release - provisional drug overdose
data [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2021 [cited 2021 Apr 21]. Available from:
https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm
2. EpiQuery [Internet]. Nyc.gov. [cited 2021 Apr 21].
Available from:https://a816-health.nyc.gov/hdi/epiquery
Snpnyc.org. [cited 2021 Apr 21]. Available from:
http://www.snpnyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/CU-SIPAOpioid-Capstone-2017.pdf
3. Theory of planned behavior [Internet]. Umass.edu. [cited 2021
Apr 21]. Available from: https://people.umass.edu/aizen/tpb.html
Bosnjak M, Ajzen I, Schmidt P. The theory of planned behavior:
Selected recent advances and applications. Eur J Psychol.
2020;16(3):352–6.
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EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
1
Unreliability of Eyewitness Testimony: Past and Present
Nicole Magnavita
Department of Psychology, Wagner College
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
2
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………….4
CHAPTER
1
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BEHIND EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY……...………...5
Hugo Münsterberg’s Early Life……………………..…………………………………….5
Rejected Views Made by Münsterberg……………...…………………………………….7
Carl Gustav Jung’s and Münsterberg’s Word-Association Contribution………………….8
Münsterberg’s Detremental Mistake………………………………………………………9
Wigmore Versus Münsterberg…………….……………………………………………...11
William Moulton Marston……………………………………………………………….12
Binet’s Scientific Foundation for Eyewitness Testimony………………………….…….13
Contemporary Views About Eyewitness Testimony Remain Similar……….…………..15
Conclusion……………………………….………………………………………………16
2
CURRENT CHALLENGES FACED DURING A LINEUP OF CRIMINALS ………...17
Understanding the Process of Lineup Identifications……………………………………18
Identifying Masked Criminals in a Lineup………………………………………………19
Effects of Administrator Knowledge…………………………………………………….19
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….20
3
RIKERS ISLAND IS ANYTHING BUT PARADISE…………………………………..22
Frequently Admitted Individuals……………………………….………………………..22
Pre-Trial Detainees………………………………………………………………………23
Who Should Go to Prison?………………………………………………………………23
Problems Correction Officers Face………………………………………………………24
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
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Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….25
4
REFLECTION…………………...………………………………………………………26
LIST OF REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………...29
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
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Abstract
Eyewitness testimony has been around for quite a few decades and still suffers from the problem
of unreliability. Chapter 1 will analyze the historical and contemporary views of eyewitness
testimony demonstrating how both view this process as erroneous. Chapter 2 discusses specific
challenges that eyewitness testimony contains in its characteristics of lineups. Aspects such as
identifying masked criminals in a lineup, biased instructions given during identification, and
effects of administrator knowledge will be analyzed. Chapter 3 describes the current problems
that Rikers Island is having. There has been a rapid increase in incarcerations and wrongful
convictions causing overpopulation in prisons like Rikers. Topics such as frequently admitted
individuals, who deserves to go to prison, and problems correction officers face will be covered.
Possible solutions to these problems will be provided as well. Chapter 4 will contain a personal
reflection about my internship at Staten Island University Hospital in their Behavioral Science
Department and comparisons are made with the other chapters.
Keywords: Eyewitness testimony, unreliability, erroneous, lineups, Rikers Island, Staten
Island University Hospital, Behavioral Science Department
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
5
Chapter 1
Historical Influences Behind Eyewitness Testimony
The United States justice system has been relying on eyewitness testimony for over 100
years. According to Stern (1910) using the words “Testimony” or “Report” refers to the “verbal
expression of a recollection” (p. 271). Stern (1910) also stated the word “Recollection” means
the “complex of memorial ideas which has reference to a definite objective constellation of facts,
and of the conditions upon which this accuracy depends” (p. 271). The primary reason for
testimony is to determine its accuracy, the agreement between the recollection and the facts, and
conditions upon which this accuracy depends (Stern, 1910). After all, what good is an eyewitness
testimony if it is a recollection of false events? When it comes to eyewitness testimony, there are
many historical figures that influenced how this process was carried out under the law and paved
the way for how it is viewed today. Historical views on eyewitness testimony remain similar to
contemporary views in that this process is erroneous and occasionally unreliable. Psychology did
not become connected to the law until historical figure Hugo Münsterberg made various attempts
to incorporate the two. It baffled him to think that the law had never depended on the findings
and study of psychology.
Hugo Münsterberg’s Early Life
Hugo Münsterberg made his attempts to intertwine psychology and law in the early
twentieth century. Münsterberg was born in 1863 in the Prussian city of Danzig and is widely
known nowadays for founding applied psychology (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He was the son of a
lumber merchant and an artist. During his early life, he had a greater interest in poetry than
science but was on a path to achieve a career in medicine. This all changed when he sat in on the
lectures of Wilhelm Wundt in 1883. Wundt was the first person to have the title psychologist and
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
6
was the founder of experimental psychology. Ultimately, he was the influence that drove
Münsterberg to a career in psychology. Münsterberg then started working as a research assistant
in Wundt’s laboratory at the University of Leipzig and moved abroad to Germany. The two
started to have disagreements while working together. Their biggest argument was on the
application of psychology and Münsterberg disagreed with Wundt’s statement that psychology
“should remain a pure science without pragmatic concerns” (Weiss & Xuan, 2015, p. 2).
Münsterberg completed his PhD. in physiological psychology at the age of 22 and
attended the University of Heidelberg for medical school (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He went on to
have an academic career at the University of Freiberg where he became close with biologist
Franz Keibel. Münsterberg conducted experimental research on attention, memory, and
perception. His work began to draw lots of attention especially that of William James at Harvard.
William James was a psychologist who coined the term functionalism in psychology and was the
first person to teach a psychology course in the United States. The two had met previously while
at the First International Congress of Psychology at Paris in 1889. Their interaction marked a
turning point in history. James wrote Münsterberg a letter detailing how he wanted him to be the
Chairman of the Psychological Laboratory at Harvard. This letter, dated back to 1890, shows
James’ interest in Münsterberg’s experiments and his recognition in the statement that
psychology needed to be advanced. Various letters were sent to Münsterberg from James, but one
in particular exercised caution pleading for intellectual flexibility. The letter states:
Whose theories in psychology have any definitive value today? No one's! Their only use
is to sharpen further reflection and observation. The man who throws out most new ideas
and immediately seeks to subject them to experimental control is the most useful
psychologist in the present state of the science. No one has done this as yet as well as
you. If you are only flexible towards your theories, and as ingenious in testing them
hereafter as you have been hitherto, I will back you to beat the whole army of your critics
before you are forty years old (Münsterberg, 1922, pp. 31–32, emphasis original).
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
7
Münsterberg fired back at James stating how a psychological fact will never be measured and nor
has he ever measured one himself (Münsterberg, 1898). After performing many experiments, he
came to the conclusion that analogs of psychological facts were adequate to inform the courts.
He felt that it could provoke motions to be set in advancing the law. During his experiments, he
discovered through observations that eyewitness testimony was prone to error therefore leading
to a faulty adjudication (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He continued to make bold statements on how
one’s perception and memory is fallible. Another bold statement made was about how the human
mind is susceptible to coercion resulting in unreliable confessions. This was related back to our
human nature. If our human nature is imperfect, then so must our mind or way of thinking be.
His solution was psychological assessments.
Rejected Views Made by Münsterberg
Due to Münsterberg’s previous research with Harvard students, he was convinced that
word-association tests could determine if a witness was telling a truthful recollection. This
caused Münsterberg to look into a criminal case that took place in Chicago in 1906 (Weiss &
Xuan, 2015). Richard Ivens, the defendant, was most likely mentally disabled and confessed to
killing a woman. This confession sentenced him to death. The defendant ironically ended up
retracting his confession and pleaded innocent. An expert witness on the case, J. Sanderson
Christison, claimed that the confession had been obtained through hypnotic suggestion (Weiss &
Xuan, 2015). Both Münsterberg and James were asked for their opinions on this case. James
stated how he would have the defendant’s mental capacity evaluated and Münsterberg took this
as his chance to implement forensic psychology. In 1906 there was no such thing as an argument
for a false confession. The Illinois Supreme Court ultimately did not take Münsterberg’s advice
of utilizing psychology and the defendant’s sentence to death was upheld. This was taken as a
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
8
personal insult to the field of psychology and Münsterberg grew resentful. He could not
understand why experimental work on memory and other areas of psychology were not
recognized or accepted by the court system. He referenced psychiatric testimony as a
common-sense psychology.
Carl Gustav Jung’s and Münsterberg’s Word-Association Contribution
With the opinions and experiments of Münsterberg making the press, another major
historical figure came into the limelight. This man was Carl Gustav Jung and promotions of his
word-association test were being published in The New York Times (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). The
article hinted towards the idea that machines could potentially replace humans in detecting the
truth. Jung emphasized how freedom from bias and accuracy are the two main goals of
investigations. He stated how his up and coming invention, word-association, helped solve a case
where a thief’s guilt was unknown. After an application of the word test, a confession was made
closing the case.
Münsterberg also started receiving support from magazines and newspapers for his
application of word-association. The New York Times reviewed his article on eyewitness
testimony in McClure’s Magazine detailing how his research on college students is being applied
to real court cases (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He also agreed with Jung on the statement that
machines could also possibly detect lies. Münsterberg continued to make absurd statements of
his time. One of the bold statements described how experimental psychologists have the
possibility of determining the truth just like a chemical expert could determine if there was a
poison in the stomach (Weiss & Xuan, 2015).
Münsterberg also went on to accept an invitation from McClure’s Magazine to analyze a
professional hit man by the name of Harry Orchard who was going to testify in the 1907 murder
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
9
trial of union boss William “Big Bill” Haywood (Münsterberg, 1908; Winter, 2012). Allegedly
Haywood ordered an assassination of former Governor Steunenberg and Orchard confessed that
he was the designated hitman.
Münsterberg first listened to and observed Orchard, making notes of his appearance
(Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He tried to remain as unbiased as possible after mentioning that he
noticed the man had an abnormal lower lip and deformed ear. Although he did mention that this
man fit the image of a criminal, he was determined to place science before instinct. He continued
his interview with the utilization of timed word associations and found intelligent responses to
“dangerous” words. For example when the word governor was shown, Orchard replied stating
“blood” (Weiss & Stern, 2015). Orchard also remained emotionless during the interview and
showed no signs of guilt. In conclusion Münsterberg stated that the test was a success and the
confession was in fact true. Münsterberg accepted this job from McClure’s to demonstrate how
his work and research at Harvard could be used in the real criminal world.
Münsterberg’s Detremental Mistake
Ironically after all this hard work, Münsterberg would be seen as a joke. Münsterberg was
supposed to report to McClure’s after the trial (Winter, 2012). However, on his way back to
Boston he met a reporter and due to such excitement from his success he leaked his findings to
this reporter (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). The jury rejected Orchard’s testimony and acquitted
Haywood. Due to the fact that Münsterberg spoke too soon and the jury was at odds with him,
this was not a good look. To try and save his reputation, he wrote a letter to the New York
Evening Post stating how he had not slept for several days when he revealed his findings
prematurely and asked that the case against psychology not be visited again until his findings
were published (Idaho Statesman, 1907). This letter was then reprinted in Boise, Idaho where the
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
10
case took place. The response to this letter was embarrassing and the media did not hold back on
criticizing his work. Münsterberg’s book On the Witness Stand published in 1908 later stated
how his findings could not determine legal facts. Münsterberg may have bitten off more than he
could chew.
Overall there were good reviews written about the word association process and how this
foreshadows future technology to come. This technology could rid of bias and promote accuracy.
Coercive police tactics and brutality could be eliminated with the use of machines.
Wigmore Versus Münsterberg
Münsterberg was quickly catching the attention of lawyers after this brutal mistake but
not the kind that he was expecting. His number one rival was John Henry Wigmore who was the
Dean of Northwestern Law School at the time (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). In response to On the
Witness Stand, Wigmore published an article in response in the Illinois Law Review. Due to this
critique, eyewitness testimony research was stalled for about 50 years. In this critique Wigmore
put Münsterberg on mock trial with Münsterberg, “of the Ancient and Honorable University of
Cambridge, Bay State,” being accused of libel in fake court of “Wundt County,” with the
plaintiffs seeking a singular dollar and to clear the name of American common law (Wigmore,
1909, p. 400). This fictitious case is referred to as Cokeston v. Münsterberg. The “charges” that
were being made against him were due to false and erroneous assertions. Wigmore stated how
there was no place for psychological methods in law. He also provided information with
warnings that other psychologists have made against Münsterberg. This was a warning against
applying research findings to real-life events. Other psychologists argued that Münsterberg’s
methods were premature for forensic use. Wigmore also had cited over a hundred original
sources from French and German psychological literature. His critique ironically spread
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
11
knowledge of applied psychology to the legal community and discredited Münsterberg for not
doing so (Sporer, 2008).
Wigmore also asked questions about Münsterberg’s methods regarding concreteness,
relative efficiency, and if its results are agreed upon (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He embarrassed
Münsterberg for not publishing his work in scientific journals but instead accused him of looking
for publicity. The satire also mentioned the need for an acceptance of interdisciplinary
contributions. He invited collaboration between the law and psychology but with due time. To
add insult to injury, Wigmore stated how Münsterberg would not be the leader of this
collaboration. It was not until 1969 that the American Psychology-Law Society would be
created.
Münsterberg nonetheless continued his campaign and in 1916 he was asked to assist
defense counsel in a Cambridge, Massachusetts case (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). The defendent was
on trial for the murder and robbery of his father. This drew a lot of attention from the press and
the community. The defendant’s attorney William Wilson announced that Münsterberg would
explain the effect psychology could possibly have on witness testimony in cases in which the
trial comes months later after the crime was committed. This was the first time a lawyer called
on a psychologist to aid in the Massahusetts court. Münsterberg’s knowledge was used to prove
that eyewitness testimony can be faulty especially if the memories are being recalled several
months after the incident. In December of that same year Münsterberg had died suddenly while
giving a lecture.
William Moulton Marston
A man named William Moulton Marston worked in Münsterberg’s Harvard Laboratory,
taking over the forensic psychology movement after Münsterberg’s death. Marston had degrees
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
12
in both psychology and law (Weiss & Stern, 2015). He was interested in the connections between
physiology and emotion. This led him to the discovery of a method to uncover deception
(Marston, 1938). This method is the systolic blood pressure deception test and it brought a
newfound respect to the field of psychology. Marston had hoped to succeed where Münsterberg
had failed. He eagerly wanted to aid in the prevention of coerced confessions and false
convictions. It was also known for quite some time that high blood pressure was correlated with
telling a lie. Marston wanted to use this method to help the courts shed some light on the truth.
In 1921, James Frye confessed to murdering a doctor the previous year. He later on
decided to retract his confession but the prosecution used this against him in the 1922 trial
(Weiss & Xuan, 2015). Frye’s lawyers looked for ways to minimize the impact of the confession.
This is where Marston was given a key opportunity. If Frye’s confession was false as he had
stated, then an important component could support this. Marston visited Frye and used his
systolic blood pressure machine he had created. According to the test, his retraction of a guilty
confession was true. He did not in fact commit the crime. Frye’s lawyers took this evidence,
along with scientific articles supporting the findings to the judge and jury. Although the judge
decided on barring Marston’s data and testimony, Frye was surprisingly convicted of second
instead of first degree murder. The jury’s decision allowed Frye to avoid the death sentence.
Although Frye was not found innocent, it is evident that the jury found some truth to Marston’s
findings otherwise they would have found him guilty in the first degree.
The defense appealed and the appeal went to the United States Court of Appeals. Justice
Van Orsdel issued an opinion in response to the case stating how he is upholding the court’s
ruling of the non-admissibility of the systolic blood pressure deception test (Weiss & Xuan,
2015). He also stated how new methods for the future must be generally accepted in the field it
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
13
belongs to. About 70 years later the systolic blood pressure deception test would be used in
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc. (1992). The purpose of these tests is to give the
jury the freedom to decide if someone is being truthful without the prejudice of expert witnesses
getting in the way. These inventions are aimed at making a fairer system. This did lead to the
famously known polygraph test we have today, although it still has its flaws as people have
learned how to control their blood pressure when lying. Its uses in law enforcement have
prospered despite the controversy. The newest lie detection test involves functional brain
scanning (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). This has all jumpstarted an interest in unconscious phenomena
such as racial bias.
Without the mistakes made by Münsterberg the pathway that psychology has made into
the law would not be existent. Sometimes it takes a couple of failed attempts to succeed and this
was the case here. Marston elongated this pathway and expanded upon it.
Binet’s Scientific Foundation for Eyewitness Testimony
While Münsterberg was busy conducting his research in Germany before he died, a
French researcher by the name of Alfred Binet was studying the influence of suggestions on
memory and false illusions (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). He has made many contributions to memory
research, especially with children. Little of Binet’s work on memory has been translated into
English so most people do now know about his work in this field (Nicolas et al., 2014). He had
children participate in a series of experiments on suggestibility in visual memory. His program of
individual psychology started in 1896. He argued that each individual differed from each other in
his or her mental processes. Binet’s book “On suggestibility” established the role of an
experimenter’s suggestions on the acts of recollection in subjects that participated individually
and in groups (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). In a chapter of his book Binet detailed the psychology of
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
14
testimony. According to Binet, judges can influence a witness by the questions they ask them.
These aspects include leading suggestions and pressure to recall (Nicolas et al., 2014). This
added pressure could affect how someone responds.
In an experiment Binet used a group of male elementary school children aged 7 through
14 years old. To study the effect of suggestion on memory, he used six objects that were pasted
on a poster. The poster was dark yellow, square in shape, 22 centimeters long and 15.5
centimeters tall (Weiss & Xuan, 2015). These six items included: a coin, stamp, store label,
button, small magazine picture of a crowd, and photograph. The children were familiar with
most of the images, if not all of them. The children were shown the poster for ten or twelve
seconds and were then asked to recall what they had seen. The children clearly did not have
enough time to analyze the pictures in accurate detail. This was to put them in the mental state of
a witness. The children were asked to write their answers as detailed as they could. The children
were not asked any suggestive questions or any questions for that matter. The results showed that
the reports were incomplete and had many errors. These reports represented testimony. Binet was
demonstrating how if we desire truthful testimony from children, we should not ask them any
questions or ask them to orally recall but write down what they know (Nicolas et al., 2014).
Although the reports were not perfect, they did contain the most truthful responses. This is
especially true for children, because they are less capable than adults in determining fact versus
fiction.
Historical figures such as Münsterberg, Marston, and Binet were primary figures in
paving the way for forensic psychology. The errors and fallibility of eyewitness testimony are
still debated and being studied today. Surprisingly the views on this topic have not changed.
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
15
Contemporary Views About Eyewitness Testimony Remain Similar
Truthful but mistaken eyewitnesses are the number one cause of wrongful convictions in
the United States (Dolyle, 2005). This unfortunately often leads to the innocent going to prison
and the guilty running free in society. Aspects such as personal ambition, legal/ political
principles, and scientific inquiry come to play when it comes to eyewitness testimony.
Wrongful convictions are happening every day. In 2001 a man by the name of Royal
Clark was charged and convicted of armed robbery at a Burger King in Louisiana (CBS
Interactive, 2019). Three Burger King employees picked him from a lineup but only one was
sure of their testimony. That one witness convinced the jury and Clark was sentenced to 49 and a
half years in prison. The defendant’s appeals were denied and his newborn son grew up without
him. The assailant used a cup and left fingerprints, but the fingerprints were deemed unusable. In
2018 the Innocence Project New Orleans took his case. Attorney Kia Hayes hoped for DNA
testing of the cup but it was never collected. The prints were reanalyzed with the agreement of
District Attorney Paul Connick. There ended up being a match to someone who had a history of
crimes and was currently already in prison for several armed robberies. This is just one case
where a man was wrongfully convicted. Nancy Franklin, a psychology professor at Stony Brook
University, stated that this unfortunately happens all the time. “Of those who have been
exonerated by DNA evidence, nearly three-quarters of them were convicted in the first place
because of faulty eyewitness testimony” (CBS Interactive, 2019). This man lost witnessing years
of his child’s life because of someone else’s mistake.
Another similar incident occurred and was discussed in a video made by the National
Science Foundation featuring psychologist Gary Wells. He stated “Mistaken identification tends
to result in the person actually believing and developing a memory that is consistent with the
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
16
person they identified” (National Science Foundation, 2015). Witnesses basically tend to trick
themselves and draw up a false narrative in their brains. Eyewitnesses often get it right but
mistakes are still being made. The goal is to minimize these mistakes.
Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus studies false memories consisting of when people either
remember things that never happened or remember the events that occurred in a different way
(TED, 2013). She is a widely known psychologist and appeared in court as an expert witness
many times. She shares some interesting stories in a TED talk and mentions a study she
performed. Participants were shown a simulated accident and asked them how fast the cars were
going when they either hit or smashed each other. When the participants were asked using the
leading word “smashed”, they said the cars were going faster at 41 mph as opposed to the 34
mph response given when asked with the word “hit”. The leading “smashed” question also led
people to say they saw broken glass at the scene. These contemporary views and studies show
how forensic psychology, although advanced, still deals with similar problems to that of the ones
we had in the 19th and 20th century.
Conclusion
Historical and contemporary views on eyewitness testimony remain similar in the
conclusion that it is fallible. Without the works of Münsterberg, Jung, Wigmore, Marston, and
Alfred Binet a foundation for legal psychology would not have been made. Due to this
foundational knowledge, psychologists can now ask themselves how eyewitness testimony can
better be improved.
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
17
Chapter 2
Current Challenges Faced During a Lineup of Criminals
In today’s world there are various areas of psychology. Forensic psychology is considered
a specialty area of psychology by the American Psychological Association (APA). Forensic
psychology is defined as:
“the professional practice by psychologists within the areas of clinical psychology,
neuropsychology, and school psychology, when they are engaged regularly as experts and
represent themselves as such, in an activity primarily intended to provide professional
psychological expertise to the legal system” (Forensic Psychology Specialty Council,
2000).
One important trait of forensic psychology is eyewitness testimony and identification. The
current concerns and problems with eyewitness testimony containing characteristics of
unreliability will be addressed in this chapter. The lineup process plays a vital role in eyewitness
identification sending either the right or wrong person to prison. Psychologists have long warned
about the possible errors that could occur when it comes to eyewitness identifications. The
American Psychology Law Society has published a review paper to examine cases of eyewitness
identifications and how government officials can collect eyewitness testimonies to attempt to
resolve the problems of mistaken identifications (Wells et al., 2020). The fact that this society
had to publish a review to provide solutions demonstrates how serious this issue is.
The criminal justice system utilizes eyewitness identification to close cases and find
perpetrators. Warnings of the unreliability and fallibility of it have long been warned about. DNA
exoneration has been used in aiding cases where an innocent person wrongfully goes to prison
(Wells & Olson, 2003). These cases have proven that mistaken eyewitness identification is the
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
18
primary reason why this keeps occuring. Certain aspects affect these identifications such as
characteristics of the witness, lineup content, and lineup instructions. For example, if during a
lineup suggestive language is used towards a specific individual by the police, the eyewitness is
more likely to just choose that person as the criminal. Administrative bias is a major aspect that
affects the outcome of a lineup.
Understanding the Process of Lineup Identification
Two important processes take place during lineup identification: automatic recognition
and elimination strategy. About 40% of witnesses are asked to complete a lineup identification
(Steblay et al., 2001). In an article, researchers used a modified-RSA (Retrospective Self
Awareness) interview method to create questionnaires to further understand the processes
involved in lineup identification (Wittwer et al., 2022). Two sets of studies were performed that
reported parallel investigations in two countries: France and South Africa. Questionnaire items
were constructed through interviews following an inductive method to capture decision
processes. Dimensions for reduction were then determined through factor analysis and these
were tested on their ability to predict eyewitness accuracy. In Study 1 (France) 208 participants,
consisting of both males and females, watched four videos of a simulated staged theft crime
committed by a young white male (Wittwer et al., 2022). After watching the video, they were
asked to pick the man out of a photograph lineup even though they were told the man may or
may not be in the lineup. They then filled out a questionnaire on their decision making process.
In South Africa the same study was done and consisted of 221 participants also consisting of
both males and females (Wittwer et al., 2022). Automatic recognition, elimination strategy, and
lack of familiarity emerged from this analysis. Overall, logistic regressions revealed that
witnesses who reported using a familiar feeling or an elimination strategy to make their decision,
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
19
were less likely to choose the correct culprit as opposed to someone that used automatic
recognition.
Identifying Masked Criminals in a Lineup
Another challenge the justice system faces when it comes to eyewitness testimony in
lineups is that criminals tend to wear masks over their faces. This makes it more difficult for
identification. An investigating officer is the one that makes a decision on how to administer a
lineup in this case. Currently no evidence-based recommendations exist for eyewitness
identifications of a masked criminal (Manley et al., 2019). In an article, 4 experiments were
conducted examining lineup identification performance depending on studying a full face versus
a partial/masked face and identifying a target from a full face lineup versus a partial/masked face
lineup. Experiments 3 and 4 were manipulated by making the target either present or absent in
the lineup. When the participants studied someone with a masked face, the masked face lineup
increased in identification accuracy relative to the full face lineup. The researcher concluded that
matching lineup construction to how witnesses originally studied or saw the perpetrator could
increase the accuracy of the eyewitness identification.
Biased Instructions Given During Identification
The next major aspect of eyewitness identification is the instructions given. A
meta-analytic review of research comparing biased and unbiased instructions given during
eyewitness identification experiments demonstrated an asymmetry, specifically that biased
instructions led to a great decrease in the accuracy in target-absent lineups but produced
inconsistent results for target-present lineups (Steblay, 1997). A re-examination of the studies
and meta-analysis of these studies showed that with biased lineup instructions correct
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
20
identification rates actually increased and biased witnesses end up making correct identifications
at a high rate that is above chance (Clark, 2005).
Effects of Administrator Knowledge
Another group of researchers investigated the effects of administrator knowledge of a
suspect’s identity in a lineup that was blind versus unblind, had witness identification with versus
without fillers, and measured witness confidence (Rodriguez et al., 2020). The participants
consisted of 488 undergraduate participant administrators being presented with a lineup to a
confederate witness which is one who made a scripted identification decision. The participants
were also asked to complete a record of the lineup task. The results showed that Nonblind
administrators recorded 25% fewer identification fillers and viewed witnesses less favorably in
the filler identification condition. The blind administrators were not influenced by witness
selection. Blind administrators took more qualitative notes and information regarding the
witness’s decision process. Nonblind administrators’ characterizations were biased in regards to
witness confidence in their identifications of the criminal. Overall, this experiment demonstrated
how blind administration rids of biases and leads to better qualitative notes for record. Blind
lineup continues to be recommended in the field due to studies such as this one.
Conclusion
Overall, it is logical to conclude that forensic psychology still suffers many challenges
specifically when it comes to eyewitness identification. Unfortunately many people go to prison
due to wrongful convictions every day. Automatic recognition and elimination strategy provide
us with better ways in understanding how witnesses choose a person in a lineup. Perpetrators
wearing masks is another major issue making identification more difficult. Present concerns also
revolve around blind and unbiased lineups. These conditions are ideal but are not always the
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
21
case. With ongoing research, such as the types mentioned in this chapter, concerns that the field
of forensic psychology is currently suffering from will hopefully be reduced.
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
22
Chapter 3
Rikers Island is Anything but Paradise
Wrongful convictions are causing innocent people to go to dangerous prisons everyday
due to the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and identification. New York City’s Rikers
Island is one of them. The jail suffers from overcrowding, lack of staff, and the jail itself is
deteriorating. It has been a consistent major concern for the city. It has been named as a major
symbol of criminal justice dysfunction (Mooney, 2020). It is being called to close down and be
replaced with smaller up to date jails. Ironically, when it opened it was coined a model facility.
Rikers Island is made up of nine separate jails and contains about 4,000 to 5,000 prisoners. This
jail is located on the East River of New York City across the waterway from LaGuardia airport.
These inmates live with a perfect view of the city making it seem so close but in reality it is so
far due to the life sentences that most of them have. This jail is infamously known as one of the
most racially and class-concentrated jails in the country (Mooney, 2020). Unfortunately, most of
these prisoners are pre-trial detainees waiting for their trial. Presumably they are innocent and
just awaiting to defend themselves in court. The jail also has high rates of violence and gang
fights. The question is how do we make this an effective, safe jail and limit the amount of
prisoners coming in, especially those that are pre-trial detainees?
Frequently Admitted Individuals
A study was performed to study the people most frequently admitted to Rikers.
Correctional Health Services electronic health records were used to identify 800 patients
admitted in 2013 that returned since November of 2008 (MacDonald et al., 2015). They were
then compared to a randomly selected control group of 800 other prisoners admitted in 2013. The
most frequently incarcerated individual had a median of 21 incarcerations representing 18,713
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
23
admissions. These people also tended to be older so anywhere from 35 to 42 years of age. They
also tended to suffer from a serious mental illness and homelessness. Substance abuse was
another major factor that was found. Hot spotting was suggested as a potential solution to this
problem. This is a practice that identifies and focuses on the most frequent users of health care
services in a specific population and offers tailored intensive care management. This would
potentially reduce costs and increase quality care.
Pre-Trial Detainees
Pre-trial detainees is another issue and these people should not be in the same prison as a
murderer or rapist. Most of the pre-trial detainees are being held at Rikers for crimes such as
petty theft and other minor offenses. Pre-trial detainees should be placed in a different building
separate from maximum security. Too many suicides are occuring in this prison where the inmate
should not have been held in a high maximum security prison in the first place. High profile
criminals should not be allowed to eat lunch or play basketball with pre-trial detainees who have
committed only minor crimes. For some of the pre-trial detainees, this is their first offense.
Who Should Go to Prison?
Another very important question that should be asked is: How do we know who should
be sent to prison? Once we can answer this question, we can start to decrease and prevent
overcrowding in prisons like Rikers. Various studies have shown that it is difficult to predict who
poses a direct threat to others. Risk assessment instruments have been developed for this reason.
The United States currently has the highest rate of imprisonment compared to any other country.
This makes experts wonder if risk assessments are accurate enough. A group of researchers have
identified 22 studies that included over a million citizens that were charged or convicted of a
crime (Viljoen et al., 2019). A meta-analysis was conducted along with a narrative review. The
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
24
results showed that after risk assessment instruments were adopted, increases in post conviction
release occurred. Imprisonment rates could potentially be decreased without putting society’s
well being at risk. The results of this study supported the statement that risk assessments could
reduce detention rates.
Although this study makes valid points, it does fail to mention how criminals could be
sent to psychiatric facilities as opposed to jail. Being sent to a psychiatric facility could very well
be a better option for some convicted criminals. After they have completed their suggested
treatment time, they could be evaluated again for posing a risk to society. After this final
evaluation, they could be released into society again. This could be a factor that could potentially
lead to lower incrimination rates as well.
The United States currently has the highest imprisonment rates causing prisoners to be
crammed in their facilities due to the increase in arrests. This leads to unhealthy living
environments and spread of illnesses across the prison. Overall, the increase in the amount of
defendants being sent to prison creates a domino effect that negatively affects prisoners. By
accurately evaluating each patient’s mental health, rehabilitation options can be more widely
offered instead of just throwing someone who is truly sick in jail.
Problems Correction Officers Face
Not only are the prisoners suffering from the horrible conditions at Rikers, but so are the
Correction Officers. They deal with problems such as burnout, job dissatisfaction, and anxiety.
This stress and anxiety weakens their immune system causing them to become more susceptible
to becoming sick. If they become sick, this lowers the amount of short staff that they already
have. This is harmful to one’s mental health as well. These officers work long hours and double
shifts due to the limit of workers. Turnover rates are also extremely high (Leip & Stinchcomb,
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
25
2013). Most of the officers also have to go to work fearing for their life due to the high
percentage of gang violence in the jail. Most people did not even come back to work after
Covid-19 due to how disgusting and unbearable the conditions are (Martin-Howard, 2022).
A potential way that this prison could entice people to want to become correction officers
is by fortifying the prison and making it more secure. For example, many of the doors that are
keeping the inmates in their cells are rotted and weak making it easy for escape to wreak havoc.
More cameras and security sensors with a bell should be installed at the foot of every cell
alerting the officers if someone escapes. Sharp objects should not be allowed in the jail such as
forks and even something as bizarre as wooden furniture. Too many things can be turned into
sharp weapons. These are just a few suggestions that could potentially benefit correction officers.
Conclusion
In conclusion Rikers Island is a project that will continuously have to be in progress if it
is to improve. Hot spotting is a program that should definitely be implemented to increase the
amount and type of care received. Pre-trial detainees should have their own separate building on
the island. Risk assessments also need to be taken more seriously and used for every single
person. This will aid in keeping the right people in prison and others who need serious help in a
mental rehabilitation center. The number of correction officers will most likely only increase if
the jail becomes a healthier and safer environment. These are just a list of some of the many
possible solutions this jail could use. With these solutions prisoners will be better protected,
especially those that are wrongfully convicted. Investigation processes such as eyewitness
testimony are not foolproof so we need to keep prisons up to date so that the innocent people that
unfortunately end up there are safe. Rikers will continue to be hell on Earth if it does not
improve in some way.
�Chapter 4 redacted to remove personal reflections and any identifying information.
�EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
29
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�
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Unreliability of Eyewitness Testimony: Past and Present
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